Fig. 4
From: TNF-α Opens a Paracellular Route for HIV-1 Invasion across the Blood-Brain Barrier
TNF-α enhances HIV-1 penetration across the BBB model in a dose-responsive fashion
BBB models (constructed with pediatric endothelial cells on collagen I-fibronectin matrix) were treated with DME-S without or with TNF-α (0 to 100 ng/ml) for 2 hr prior to and during the whole experiment. HIV-1 (2.1 ng) was placed in the upper chamber and samples (50 µL) were removed from the lower chamber at 18-hr (diamonds) and 66-hr (squares) intervals and measured by infectious virus assay. The relationship between log TNF-α and log p24 antigen concentration was significant by ANOVA (p = 0.042, F = 2.747).