Fig. 5
From: VEGF-D is an X-linked/AP-1 Regulated Putative Onco-angiogen in Human Glioblastoma Multiforme
Schema of oncogenic activities leading to an abundant expression of VEGFs in GBM. The emphasis is on the activation of the Fos family members and the Fra-1 substituting for the c-Fos. A sustained AP-1 activation is achieved, at least in part, through the positive autoregulatory loops leading to constitutive expression of oncogenic and subsequently angiogenic factors in GBM. An arrow in red represents a negative feedback regulation. Lymphagiogenesis may not take place in GBM.