Skip to main content

Table 1 Insulin mimetic effects of IPG type A (A), IPG type P (P), and their analogues from different sources

From: Diabetes and the Role of Inositol-Containing Lipids in Insulin Signaling

Whole Cells

Cell Extracts

Biological Activity

Effect

Enzymatic Activity or Phosphorylation

Effect

Lipolysis (A, A*, A•)

Inhibition

cAMP phosphodiesterase (A)

Stimulation

Lipogenesis (A, A*, A•)

Stimulation

Pyruvate dehydrogenase (A)

Stimulation

GPAT (A*, A•)

Stimulation

PDH phosphatase (P)

Stimulation

Phospholipid methyltransferase (A)

Inhibition

Glucose-6-phosphatase (A)

Inhibition

Steroidogenesis (A, P*)

Stimulation

Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (A)

Inhibition

Glucose transport (A, A*, A•)

Stimulation

Adenylate cyclase (A)

Inhibition

GLUT4 translocation (A*, A•)

Stimulation

cAMP-kinase (A)

Inhibition

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (A)

Stimulation

Casein kinase II (A)

Biphasic

Glycogen Phosphorylase a (A)

Inhibition

Glycerol-3P acyltransferase (P)

Stimulation

Pyruvate kinase (A)

Stimulation

ATP citrate lyase (A)

Stimulation

Glucose oxidation (A)

Stimulation

Galactolipid sulfotransferase (A)

Inhibition

Glucose production (A)

Inhibition

Protein phosphatase 2C (P)

Stimulation

Lactate accumulation (A)

Stimulation

  

Glycogen synthesis (A, P, A*, A•)

Stimulation

  

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (A*, A•)

Inhibition

  

Tyrosine aminotransferase (A)

No effect

  

Protein phosphorylation (A, A*, A•)

Stimulation

  

Inhibition

  

cAMP levels (A)

Inhibition

  

PI 3-kinase (A*, A•)

Stimulation

  

Myelin basic protein kinase (A•)

Stimulation

  

Mitogen activated kinase (A•)

Stimulation

  

Protein kinase B phosphorylation (A•)

Stimulation

  

Fructose-2,6-P2 levels (A)

Stimulation

  

Ion channels (A)

Modulation

  

Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase (A)

Stimulation

  

Ca2+ entry (A)

Inhibition

  

Amino acid transport (A)

Stimulation

  

Protein synthesis (A, A•)

Stimulation

  

Specific mRNA levels (A)

Stimulation

  

Inhibition

  

DNA and RNA synthesis (A)

Stimulation

  

Cell proliferation (A, P)

Stimulation

  

Insulin secretion (A)

Inhibition

  

Cell differentiation (neurogenesis) (P)

Stimulation

  
  1. Adapted and updated from Jones and Varela-Nieto (17). A*, A phosphoinositolglycan-peptide (PIG-P) (57,58,61); A•, various chemically synthesized PIG-P analogues (38,39); GPAT, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase P*, an analog of IPG type P (INS-2) consisting of α-pinitol and galactosamine (36) PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase.