From: Diabetes and the Role of Inositol-Containing Lipids in Insulin Signaling
Whole Cells | Cell Extracts | ||
---|---|---|---|
Biological Activity | Effect | Enzymatic Activity or Phosphorylation | Effect |
Lipolysis (A, A*, A•) | Inhibition | cAMP phosphodiesterase (A) | Stimulation |
Lipogenesis (A, A*, A•) | Stimulation | Pyruvate dehydrogenase (A) | Stimulation |
GPAT (A*, A•) | Stimulation | PDH phosphatase (P) | Stimulation |
Phospholipid methyltransferase (A) | Inhibition | Glucose-6-phosphatase (A) | Inhibition |
Steroidogenesis (A, P*) | Stimulation | Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase (A) | Inhibition |
Glucose transport (A, A*, A•) | Stimulation | Adenylate cyclase (A) | Inhibition |
GLUT4 translocation (A*, A•) | Stimulation | cAMP-kinase (A) | Inhibition |
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (A) | Stimulation | Casein kinase II (A) | Biphasic |
Glycogen Phosphorylase a (A) | Inhibition | Glycerol-3P acyltransferase (P) | Stimulation |
Pyruvate kinase (A) | Stimulation | ATP citrate lyase (A) | Stimulation |
Glucose oxidation (A) | Stimulation | Galactolipid sulfotransferase (A) | Inhibition |
Glucose production (A) | Inhibition | Protein phosphatase 2C (P) | Stimulation |
Lactate accumulation (A) | Stimulation | Â | Â |
Glycogen synthesis (A, P, A*, A•) | Stimulation |  |  |
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (A*, A•) | Inhibition |  |  |
Tyrosine aminotransferase (A) | No effect | Â | Â |
Protein phosphorylation (A, A*, A•) | Stimulation |  |  |
Inhibition | Â | Â | |
cAMP levels (A) | Inhibition | Â | Â |
PI 3-kinase (A*, A•) | Stimulation |  |  |
Myelin basic protein kinase (A•) | Stimulation |  |  |
Mitogen activated kinase (A•) | Stimulation |  |  |
Protein kinase B phosphorylation (A•) | Stimulation |  |  |
Fructose-2,6-P2 levels (A) | Stimulation | Â | Â |
Ion channels (A) | Modulation | Â | Â |
Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase (A) | Stimulation | Â | Â |
Ca2+ entry (A) | Inhibition | Â | Â |
Amino acid transport (A) | Stimulation | Â | Â |
Protein synthesis (A, A•) | Stimulation |  |  |
Specific mRNA levels (A) | Stimulation | Â | Â |
Inhibition | Â | Â | |
DNA and RNA synthesis (A) | Stimulation | Â | Â |
Cell proliferation (A, P) | Stimulation | Â | Â |
Insulin secretion (A) | Inhibition | Â | Â |
Cell differentiation (neurogenesis) (P) | Stimulation | Â | Â |