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Hemostasis Imbalance in Experimental Hypertension

Molecular Medicine volume 8, pages 169–178 (2002)Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The rat model of chronic intoxication by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) induces severe systemic arterial hypertension and progressive ischemic lesions in the central nervous system and kidneys. We investigated the possible molecular basis of these thrombotic events.

Methods and Results

Administration of l-NAME increased plasma markers of thrombin generation, thrombin-antithrombin complexes, and soluble glycoprotein V, measured by specific ELISA. Thrombin generation in vivo was associated with ex vivo platelet desensitization to adenosine 5′-diphosphate and collagen-induced aggregation. In the aortic layers and renal arterioles, tissue factor mRNA (semi-quantitative RT-PCR) and activity (coagulation assay) were increased. In contrast, tissue factor activity was not modified in glomeruli. In parallel, an impairment of the fibrinolytic system was demonstrated by an increase in plasma levels and arterial secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. In the arterial wall, plasminogen activator inhibtor-1 mRNA was significantly increased. Moreover, antifibrinolytic activity, studied by fibrin reverse zymography, was increased whereas all tissue-plasminogen activator activity secreted by the hypertensive arterial wall was detected as complexes with its specific inhibitor. In animals treated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor Zofenil, all of these parameters remained at control levels.

Conclusions

These results indicate that chronic blockade of nitric oxide production in rats results in enhancement of blood markers of thrombin generation associated with tissue factor induction and impairment of fibrinolysis in the vascular wall, which may contribute to the thrombotic complications associated with hypertension.

Introduction

Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (1). Myocardial infarction, nephroangiosclerosis, and stroke, which are complications of hypertension, predominantly occur due to thrombosis of arterioles leading to ischemia and infarcts (2). Thrombotic risk associated with hypertension mainly targets the central nervous system, heart, and kidneys, leading to functional impairment and fibrosis of these tissues (3). It has been recently shown that an increase in intima/media thickness of the carotid artery is correlated with the risk of brain infarction (4), providing clinical evidence of a link between arterial wall morphologic remodeling and thrombotic risk in the central nervous system. Nevertheless, the molecular basis of this relationship has not yet been extensively investigated.

Chronic blockade of vascular nitric oxide (NO) production by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) induces the development of severe hypertension in rats associated with an important decrease in arterial wall cyclic GMP content (5), renal damage (6), and ischemic stroke (7), in which potentiation between extracellular vasoconstrictor factors and intracellular signaling plays a predominant pathophysiologic role (8). In addition to the induction of arterial wall morphologic remodeling, l-NAME-induced hypertension increases the expression of various genes such as anti-proteases: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) (9) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (10) within the arterial wall. Expression of proinflammatory genes (11) is induced in the l-NAME model and mediated, at least in part, by oxidative stress and nuclear factor-κB (NF̃-κB) activation (9,12), providing evidence of the molecular plasticity of vascular cells in response to hypertension. This modulation of arterial wall phenotype leads to a reduced survival expectancy in this model, which is completely reversed by inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (13).

In view of the overexpression of secreted antiproteases in hypertension (14) and because the induction of the expression of tissue factor (TF), the main initiator of thrombogenesis in the vascular wall (15), is NF-κB-dependent (16), we hypothesized that the arterial wall may contribute to the impairment of fibrinolysis and hypercoagulability involved in the thrombotic risk observed in hypertensive rats. To examine this point, we administered l-NAME to rats, providing a model of severe hypertension and endothelial dysfunction leading to arteriolar thrombosis in different target organs. We explored thrombin formation in the blood, and TF expression and fibrinolysis in the arterial wall. Finally, because inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system is able to prevent functional and structural arterial wall remodeling in the l-NAME model, we tested the ability of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) Zofenil to prevent the genesis of thrombin and the impairment of the fibrinolytic cascades.

Methods

Experimental Design

Male Wistar rats (IFFA CREDO, Lyon, France), 150 g body weight, were used. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: controls, n = 30, l-NAME, 50 mg/kg/d in the drinking water, n = 40 (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France), and l-NAME (as above) plus Zofenopril (l-NAME + ACEI; 15 mg/kg/d, n = 27). Zofenopril was a generous gift of Menarini (Firenze, Italy) and was given daily in the diet.

Systolic blood pressure (BP), measured by the tail-cuff method, and body weights were recorded once a week. After 8 weeks, blood was sampled, rats were sacrificed under pentobarbital anesthesia, and hearts removed and weighed. Kidneys and aortas were removed and dissected clean. Blood was centrifuged and plasma was frozen (−80°C) for further analysis. Tissue and plasma assays were performed in 8–12 animals per group.

The experimental design complied with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care formulated by the National Society for Medical Research and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH publication No. 86-23, revised 1989; authorization N° 00577, Paris France).

Plasma Assays

The fibrinogen level was measured according to the Clauss technique using an STA coagulation analyzer (Diagnostica Stago, Asnières, France). PAI-1 antigen was measured using the Lymutest rat-PAI-1 antigen assay (Hyphen Biomed, Andresy, France). Thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT) and soluble glycoprotein V (sGPV) were measured using, respectively, a commercially available ELISA (Enzygnost TAT micro, Dade Behring, Paris-La Défense, France) and an ELISA specific for rat sGPV developed by C.R. as described previously (17).

Platelet Count and Aggregation

Platelet counts were performed on whole blood collected on EDTA using a Bayer H1 counter. The measurement of platelet aggregation was performed in citrated platelet-rich plasma by the turbidimetric method using a 4-channel aggregometer (Coulter, Villepinte, France). Platelet aggregation was determined as the maximal change of light transmission after the addition of adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP) (3 and 6 µmol/L, Biodata, USA) or collagen (30 µg/ml, Horm Nycomed, München, Germany).

Isolation of Glomeruli

Glomeruli were isolated from the kidneys as described previously (18). Aliquots of freshly isolated glomeruli were used immediately or were sonicated before performing clotting assays.

Isolation of Renal Afferent Arterioles

Renal afferent arterioles were isolated using iron oxide perfusion according to Chatziantoniou et al. (19). Arterioles, recovered with a magnetic bar, were sonicated and iron oxide was removed before performing clotting assays.

Arterial Wall Dissection

Whole aortas, including the three layers, were removed and directly frozen in liquid nitrogen for mRNA extraction. In some rats, media were separated from adventitia (20). The different tissue layers were homogenized in n-octyl-β-D glucopyranoside using a polytron homogenizer (Bioblock, Illkirch, France) and homogenates were frozen (−80°C). TF procoagulant activity was measured in the supernatants of these homogenates after thawing.

Both whole aorta and the media layer were cut into rings and incubated for 24 hr in 500 µl of DMEM at 37°C. The supernatant was then collected and used for measurement of PAI-1 secretion and evaluation of fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic activity.

TF Assay

The procoagulant activity (PCA) of TF was measured in isolated glomeruli and renal arterioles as well as in the media and adventitial layers of aortas using the recalcification time of a citrated normal rat platelet-poor plasma as described previously (18). Clotting times were compared to those obtained with a standard rat brain thromboplastin preparation (21). PCA was characterized as TF by using human Phe-Phe-Arg chloromethylketone-inactivated factor VIIa (FVIIai, generously given by Novo Nordisk, Gentofte, Denmark).

Detection of Plasminogen Activators and PAI-1 by Fibrin Zymography

Zymography analysis of plasminogen activators and PAI-1 was performed as described (22). Fibrin zymograms were allowed to develop at 37°C for 4–24 hr and were then photographed at regular intervals using dark-ground illumination. Fibrinolytic activity was quantified by densitometry using NIH Image 1.60 software. The experiment was repeated twice.

Comparative Analysis of TF, Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor, PAI-1, and Tissue Plasminogen Activator mRNA Expression by RT-PCR

Total RNA was extracted from aortic and glomerular samples using the TRIzol Reagent (Life Technologies, Cergy Pontoise, France). RT-PCR was performed as previously described (9). TF, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), PAI-1, and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) mRNA expressions were normalized to that of the “housekeeping” gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) mRNA (Table 1).

Table 1 Primer sequences derived from rat cDNAs used in the RT-PCR assays
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Statistical Analysis

Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Data were analyzed using a nonparametric test (Kruskal-Wallis) followed by the Mann-Whitney U test to determine the significance of differences between groups. Linear regression curves and correlation coefficients were obtained by the least-squares method.

Results

Body Weight, Heart Weight, and Systolic BP

During the 8 weeks of treatment, no significant differences in body weights were observed between the three groups. In the l-NAME group, systolic BP was significantly higher compared to the control and l-NAME + ACEI groups. In the l-NAME + ACEI group, systolic BP was similar to the control group. In the l-NAME group, the heart weight and consequently the heart to body weight ratio were significantly higher than in control and l-NAME + ACEI groups (Table 2).

Table 2 General parameters of treated and untreated rats
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Plasma Markers of Thrombin Generation

In the l-NAME group, the fibrinogen level was increased compared to those of the control and l-NAME + ACEI groups (5.1 ± 0.5 versus 4.4 ± 0.2 and versus 3.5 ± 0.1 g/L, p < 0.001). TAT and sGPV plasma levels were also increased (Figs. 1A and 1B). In the l-NAME + ACEI group, the sGPV level was similar to that of the control group, and the moderate increase observed in the TAT level was not significant (Figs. 1A and 1B). Both circulating markers of thrombin generation were highly correlated (r = 0.87, p < 0.0001, Fig. 1C). Specifically, in the l-NAME group, systolic BP and TAT were significantly correlated (r = 0.72, p < 0.01, Fig. 1D).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Plasma markers of thrombin production. Plasma TAT (A) and sGPV (B) levels in the three groups of rats. These two parameters of thrombin activation were correlated (C; r = 0.87, p < 0.0001). Plasma concentration of TAT was strongly correlated with the systolic BP in the l-NAME hypertensive rats (D; r = 0.72, p < 0.01). Values are means ± SEM. *p < 0.05 versus controls. $$p < 0.005 versus l-NAME.

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Platelet Count and Aggregation

No difference in platelet count was observed between the three groups (Fig. 2A). In the l-NAME group, ex vivo platelet aggregation in response to ADP (3 or 6 µmol/L) or collagen (30µg/ml) was significantly decreased compared to controls (Fig. 2B) suggesting a desensitization of platelets in the l-NAME group. By contrast, in the l-NAME + ACEI group, ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation were similar to control values (Fig. 2B). Systolic BP was negatively correlated with platelet aggregation induced by 6 µmol/L ADP (r = −0.58, p = 0.006, Fig. 2C) or 30 µg/ml collagen (r = −0.75, p = 0.0007, Fig. 2D).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Platelet count and activation. Platelet count (A). Intensity of platelet aggregation (B) induced by 3 µmol/L ADP (open bar), 6 µmol/L ADP (grey bar) or 30 µg/ml collagen (filled bar). A significant decrease in platelet response to ADP or collagen was observed in the l-NAME group. Platelet aggregation induced by 6 µmol/L ADP (C) or 30 µg/ml collagen (D) was negatively correlated with systolic BP (r = −0.58, p = 0.006 and r = −0.75, p = 0.0007 respectively, all animals). Values are means ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005 versus controls. $p < 0.05 versus l-NAME.

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TF and TFPI in the Aorta

The amount of TF mRNA was significantly increased in the whole aorta of the l-NAME group compared to the control and l-NAME + ACEI groups (p < 0.005, Fig. 3A); no significant variation in TFPI mRNA was observed with l-NAME treatment. In the l-NAME group, increased expression of TF was associated with a significant increase in TF activity in both the media (Fig. 3B) and the adventitia (Fig. 3C), compared to the control and l-NAME + ACEI groups. PCA was identified as TF, because preincubation of 100 nmol/L FVIIai for 10 min with the samples inhibited more than 80% of the measured PCA. A strong correlation was observed between systolic BP and arterial TF activity (r = 0.73, p < 0.0001, Fig. 3D).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Aortic TF and TFPI expression. (A) TF (open bar) and TFPI (grey bar) mRNA expression in the arterial wall. A significant increase in TF mRNA was observed; TFPI mRNA expression was not modified by l-NAME treatment. Evolution of TF activity in homogenates of media (B) and adventitia (C). A significant increase in TF activity was observed in the aortic layers in the l-NAME group. TF activity of the adventitia was strongly correlated with systolic BP (D; r = 0.73, p < 0.0001, all animals). Values are means ± SEM. **p < 0.005 versus the control group. $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.005 versus l-NAME.

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TF and TFPI in Glomeruli and Renal Arterioles

No significant variation of TF mRNA was observed in the glomeruli with l-NAME or l-NAME + ACEI treatment compared to the control group (Fig. 4A). Similarly, TF activity remained unmodified whether the glomeruli were intact or disrupted (Fig. 4B). By contrast, TFPI mRNA was significantly decreased in the glomeruli of l-NAME− or l-NAME + ACEI-treated rats (Fig. 4A). TF activity was significantly increased in renal arterioles in the l-NAME group compared to the control group or l-NAME + ACEI group (Fig. 4C). A strong correlation was observed between systolic BP and TF activity in the renal arterioles (r = 0.76, p < 0.0001, Fig. 4D).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Renal TF and TFPI expression. (A) mRNA expression. TF mRNA expression (open bar) was not increased in the glomeruli of l-NAME rats. Nevertheless, TFPI mRNA expression (gray bar) was significantly decreased in this group. Evolution of TF activity in intact (i) or disrupted (d) glomeruli (B) and in disrupted arterioles (C). A significant increase in TF activity was observed in arterioles of the l-NAME rats. By contrast, no variation of TF activity was observed in glomeruli. TF activity of arterioles was strongly correlated with systolic BP (D; r = 0.76, p < 0.0001, all animals). Values are means ± SEM. *p < 0.05 versus controls. $p < 0.05 versus l-NAME.

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Fibrinolysis Impairment

In the l-NAME group, a non-significant increase in plasma PAI-1 antigen (ELISA) was observed compared to the control and the l-NAME + ACEI groups (Fig. 5A). In the l-NAME + ACEI group, PAI-1 antigen level was similar to that of the control group (Fig. 5A).

Fig. 5
figure 5

PAI-1 synthesis and secretion. Evolution of plasma PAI-1 concentration (A) and secreted PAI-1 from tissue explants (B) in the three groups. A significant increase in secreted PAI-1 in either whole aorta (W) or medial ring (M) was observed in the l-NAME group. Correlations (C) between PAI-1 (plasma ◯ — and secreted◆…) and systolic BP in the l-NAME group (r = 0.85, p = 0.005 and r = 0.72, p < 0.05, respectively). The increase in plasma PAI-1 antigen level corresponded to a significant increase in PAI-1 mRNA expression (open bar) in the arterial wall (D). Nevertheless, t-PA mRNA expression (gray bar) was also significantly increased in the arterial wall of the l-NAME rats (D). Values are means ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 versus controls. $$p < 0.005 versus l-NAME.

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PAI-1 antigen secreted by both incubated whole and medial aortic ring explants was significantly increased in the l-NAME group as compared to control and l-NAME + ACEI groups (Fig. 5B). A strong correlation (r = 0.85, p < 0.0001) was observed between PAI-1 levels secreted by aortic and medial ring explants (data not shown). In the l-NAME group, systolic BP and either plasma or secreted PAI-1 antigen correlated strongly (r = 0.85, p = 0.005 and r = 0.72, p < 0.05, respectively; Fig. 5C). In the l-NAME aortas, the amounts of PAI-1 and t-PA mRNA were significantly increased compared to the control and the l-NAME + ACEI groups (Fig. 5D).

PAI-1 activity from the arterial wall was visualized as a band of resistance to lysis corresponding to a molecular weight of ∼50 kDa (Fig. 6A). This band was significantly increased in the l-NAME group as compared to control and l-NAME + ACEI groups (Fig. 6B).

Fig. 6
figure 6

Fibrinolysis impairment. (A) The antifibrinolytic activity secreted by aortic rings was evaluated by the ability of electrophoresed proteins to inhibit urokinase-dependent plasminogen activation and fibrin degradation. All the antifibrinolytic activity migrated to a molecular weight of ∼50 kDa corresponding to PAI-1. (B) The antifibrinolytic activity was significantly higher in the l-NAME group (*p < 0.05 versus controls; $p < 0.05 versus l-NAME). (C) The fibrinolytic activity secreted by aortic rings was evaluated by the ability of electrophoresed proteins to activate plasminogen and produce plasmin-induced fibrin degradation. All the fibrinolytic activity migrated to a molecular weight of ∼120 kDa, corresponding to t-PA/PAI-1 complexes. (D) There was no significant difference between the three groups, no free t-PA, and no detectable u-PA. Results are expressed (B,D) in arbitrary units (AU) based on the optical density of gel scan.

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Fibrinolytic bands in fibrin zymograms were detected in a zone corresponding to the migration of t-PA/PAI-1 complexes (Fig. 6C). Nevertheless, these complexes were not significantly increased in the l-NAME group as compared to the control and the l-NAME + ACEI groups (Fig. 6D).

Discussion

The present study investigated at a molecular level the relationship between endothelial dysfunction-induced experimental hypertension and arterial thrombotic risk. Because l-NAME predominantly inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (23), NO suppression leads to hypertension. This hypertension is probably due to potentiation of intracellular vasoconstrictive signaling secondary to extracellular communications, such as angiotensin II (Ang II), in arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) (8). Therefore, inhibition of vasoconstrictive extracellular communications, such as inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (24), could reverse l-NAME-induced hypertension as do NO donors (5). Beyond this functional vasoconstrictive effect, the excess of intracellular signaling in SMCs, involving oxidative stress and NF-κB activation, induces a functional remodeling of the arterial wall (9). l-NAME administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day induced severe hypertension concomitant to a large reduction in cyclic GMP, the second messenger of NO in vascular SMCs (5). Because under these experimental conditions deaths begin to occur after 2 months (13), we chose this delay for exploring the hemostasis imbalance involved in the reduction of life expectancy (7). Deaths are related to stroke and nephroangiosclerosis-induced renal insufficiency and are totally prevented by ACE inhibition (7). We therefore explored circulating biomarkers of a procoagulant and antifibrinolytic state and investigated their possible molecular origin in the arterial tissue.

Chronic in vivo activation of platelets in the l-NAME animals may account for their desensitization to in vitro stimulation by ADP or collagen. In vitro, l-NAME potentiates platelet aggregation and platelet recruitment induced by ADP (25), and in vivo l-NAME promotes agonist-induced platelet accumulation in the pulmonary vasculature in rabbits (26). We show here that l-NAME administration enhances systemic thrombin production as demonstrated by increased plasma levels of TAT complexes and sGPV, providing evidence of in vivo activation of blood coagulation in a model of hypertension-induced end-organ damage. The increase in plasma levels of sGPV is a reliable marker of in vivo thrombin-induced platelet activation (17). Therefore, the generation of thrombin probably plays a central role in platelet activation.

TF, the cofactor for factors VII/VIIa, is considered to be the main initiator of the coagulation cascade leading to thrombin generation (15) in tissue and particularly within the vascular wall. In our study, the l-NAME group showed an increase in TF expression at both activity and mRNA levels in large and small arteries correlated to BP. Under normal circumstances, TF activity is constitutively expressed in the adventitia; endothelial and medial cells only weakly express TF. In the present study, TF activity of normal rats was 50-fold higher in the adventitia than in the media layer. In the l-NAME-treated rats, TF mRNA and activity increased significantly in the media as well as in the adventitia layers. These data fit with the recently published overexpression of TF mRNA in the arterial wall in a transgenic model of hypertension in rats (27). In contrast, no activation of TF expression was observed in glomeruli. As compared to the arteriolar wall mainly composed of SMCs and fibroblasts, glomeruli are rich in endothelial cells of capillary origin. Ang II could directly induce TF expression in SMCs (28) via its specific receptor AT-1 and the subsequent activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, which are implicated in TF gene induction (29). Similarly, chronic administration of l-NAME is associated with NF-κB activation in the arterial wall (9,30). The chronic NO suppression by l-NAME could directly participate in the increase in TF expression because enhanced production of endothelium-derived NO reduces endotoxin- and cytokine-induced expression of TF in vitro (31) and oral administration of l-arginine blunts the increase in monocyte TF response in an experimental model of angioplasty (32).

In vivo, TF-VIIa proteolytic activity is inhibited by TFPI, a circulating multidomain, kunitz-type protease inhibitor (33). Because it has been demonstrated that the imbalance of TF and TFPI causes susceptibility to coagulation disorders (34), we also investigated the expression of glomerular TFPI mRNA and show that it is decreased in l-NAME-treated rats. By contrast, TFPI mRNA expression in the aorta was not significantly affected by l-NAME administration. This last result is in accordance with Nishimura et al. (35), who demonstrated that Ang II increased TF mRNA expression without changing that of TFPI in cultured rat aortic endothelial cells. Moreover, in a recent study, plasma TFPI was not increased in patients with chronic hypertension (36).

Zofenopril totally prevented hypertension, vascular TF overexpression, platelet desensitization, and thrombin generation. Due to its high lipophilic properties, Zofenopril is able to interfere with tissue ACE, preventing Ang II generation at the tissue level and subsequent vascular cell activation (37). Recent studies have showed that Ang II AT1-receptor antagonists can reduce platelet aggregability in the circulation of hypertensive rats (38) and subjects (39), and in human platelet-rich plasma in vitro (40). The reduction of TF procoagulant activity was demonstrated in patients with myocardial infarction treated by an ACE inhibitor (41).

Impaired fibrinolysis could also play an important role in the relationship between the arterial phenotype and the hypercoagulable state associated with hypertension. It has been demonstrated that t-PA, which promotes fibrinolysis, and its inhibitor PAI-1 are increased in plasma of human hypertensive patients (14). PAI-1 is considered as an early marker of hypertension (42), and efficient treatment such as ACE inhibition reduces its level (36,43). In vitro, Ang II induced PAI-1 expression by cultured vascular cells (35). Its effect on t-PA expression in cultured vascular cells is less clear (35). In agreement with clinical data, we demonstrate an increase in the plasma PAI-1 antigen level and in PAI-1 mRNA expression and secretion by the arterial wall, and a significant association of these parameters with the systolic BP. Recently, a study also demonstrated the early overexpression of PAI-1 mRNA and immunoreactivity in the aorta of l-NAME rats and its prevention by another ACE inhibitor (10). Nevertheless, despite the increase in PAI-1 plasma antigen and tissue levels, there is no direct demonstration of an antifibrinolytic activity of the arterial wall in animals. Our results show that the arterial wall was largely responsible for the increase in PAI-1. For the first time, beyond the assay of PAI-1 antigen, we provide evidence of an antifibrinolytic activity secreted by the arterial wall in experimental hypertension. Conversely, we also show that hypertension is not associated with a profibrinolytic state as demonstrated by the absence of free t-PA activity in the supernatant of arterial wall organoculture.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, the increase in TF and antifibrinolytic activities and molecules in the arterial and arteriolar wall in an experimental model of hypertension. This is associated with an increase in PAI-1 antigen as well as with markers of platelet and coagulation activation in the circulating blood. Nevertheless, this study cannot discriminate between a direct effect of vascular TF or an indirect effect via platelet activation and blood coagulation in the increased risk of ischemic end-organ damage observed in hypertension.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from Menarini (Florence, Italy) and by INSERM. D.C. was supported by the Society of Nephrology and V.F. by the French Society of Hypertension. We thank Pierre-Louis Tharaux and Christos Chatziantoniou for their assistance with the isolation of renal arterioles.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INSERM U479, Faculté Xavier Bichat, BP 416, 75870, Paris CEDEX 18, France

    Delphine Corseaux & Véronique Ollivier

  2. INSERM E9907, Faculté Xavier Bichat, Paris, France

    Marie-Geneviève Huisse & Marie-Claude Guillin

  3. INSERM U460, Faculté Xavier Bichat, Paris, France

    Vincent Fontaine, Monique Philippe, Liliane Louedec, Roger Vranckx, Edouardo Angles-Cano & Jean-Baptiste Michel

  4. INSERM U311, Etablissement Français du Sang, Strasbourg, France

    Catherine Ravanat & François Lanza

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  1. Delphine Corseaux
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  2. Véronique Ollivier
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Correspondence to Véronique Ollivier.

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D.C. and V.O. contributed equally to this work.

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Corseaux, D., Ollivier, V., Fontaine, V. et al. Hemostasis Imbalance in Experimental Hypertension. Mol Med 8, 169–178 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03402009

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Keywords

Molecular Medicine

ISSN: 1528-3658