Table 2 Changes in measured parameters by treatment group (±SEM), subjects who had complete mRNA or β -adrenergic receptor measurements ( n = 47)

NYHA class (II/III/IV)

−0.2 ± 0.2

−0.6 ± 0.1^†

−0.4 ± 0.1^†

0.19

LVEF (EF units)

4.8 ± 2.9

13.9 ± 2.5^†

15.4 ± 3.1^†

0.033

RVEF (EF units)

4.1 ± 2.1^‡

9.5 ± 3.1^†

9.0 ± 2.8^†

0.35

Peak Vo₂ (ml/kg/min)

1.6 ± 1.2

1.4 ± 1.2

0.4 ± 1.1

0.75

Peak exercise heart rate (beats/min)

−2.8 ± 5.3

−29.3 ± 5.8*,^†

−28.6 ± 4.7*,^†

0.005

Resting heart rate (beats/min)

−8.4 ± 5.5

−22.0 ± 4.0^†

−17.0 ± 3.7^†

0.12

Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg)*

−7.2 ± 4.2^‡

−0.2 ± 5.0

−1.0 ± 2.9

0.45

Right artrial mean pressure (mm Hg)

1.2 ± 1.1

−2.1 ± 1.5

−1.3 ± 0.9

0.17

Pulmonary artery mean pressure (mm Hg)

−1.8 ± 1.6

−3.8 ± 3.1

−5.4 ± 1.9^†

0.56

Pulmonary wedge mean pressure (mm Hg)

−1.0 ± 1.5

−4.5 ± 2.9

−4.3 ± 1.6^†

0.47

Cardiac index (l/min/m²)

−0.10 ± 0.19

0.03 ± 0.23

0.20 ± 0.15

0.50

Stroke volume index (ml/beat/m²)

3.0 ± 2.1

9.2 ± 2.6^†

10.3 ± 3.1^†

0.24

LV stroke work index (g-m/m²)

0.7 ± 2.8

10.3 ± 2.4^†

11.1 ± 3.7^†

0.09

Arterial norepinephrine (pg/ml)

−432 ± 175^†

−351 ± 268

152 ± 91

0.19

Coronary sinus norepinephrine (pg/ml)

−400 ± 153^†

−222 ± 219

−60 ± 148

0.38

Gene Expression (Molecules mRNA × 10 ⁵ / µ g Total RNA)

Placebo ( n = 13)

Metoprolol ( n = 14)

Carvedilol ( n = 18)

p

β₁-Adrenergic receptor (β₁AR)

0.31 ± 0.42

0.15 ± 0.18

0.07 ± 0.40

0.90

β₂-Adrenergic receptor (β₂AR)

0.35 ± 0.22

0.18 ± 0.18

0.17 ± 0.58

0.95

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

−39.0 ± 17.0^†

−12.5 ± 8.7

−35.8 ± 12.2^†

0.31

SR Ca²⁺ ATPase-2a (SRCA)

10.0 ± 6.2

4.4 ± 4.0

3.9 ± 4.5

0.64

α-Myosin heavy chain (α-MyHC)

0.2 ± 2.2

4.1 ± 2.0^‡

0.5 ± 1.4

0.24

β-Myosin heavy chain (β-MyHC)

11.7 ± 12.0

−26.5 ± 15.6

9.7 ± 13.3

0.11

Total myosin heavy chain

11.9 ± 11.2

−23.3 ± 14.3

10.3 ± 13.4

0.13

% α-MyHC

0.7 ± 1.5

4.7 ± 2.4‡

0.5 ± 1.1

0.15

β -Adrenergic Receptor Protein (fmol/mg)

Placebo ( n = 13)

Metoprolol ( n = 10)

Carvedilol ( n = 13)

p

Total β-Adrenergic receptor density

13.3 ± 9.1

24.5 ± 5.7†

21.5 ± 9.3^†

0.64

β₁-Adrenergic receptor density

16.1 ± 11.2

19.1 ± 6.9†

19.0 ± 7.8^†

0.96

β₂-Adrenergic receptor density

−2.8 ± 3.5

5.4 ± 5.2

2.5 ± 2.8

0.31

% β₁-Adrenergic receptors

16.9 ± 6.8^†

4.9 ± 9.4

2.6 ± 5.7

0.28