Figure 2From: The Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway: A Missing Link in NeuroimmunomodulationVagus nerve stimulation attenuates the endotoxin-induced serum TNF response, hepatic TNF response, and development of endotoxemic shock. Rats were subjected to sham surgery (A and B: Sham, □; C: ●; n = 7), bilateral cervical vagotomy (A and B: VGX, ▨, C: ▲; n = 7), or vagotomy and electrical stimulation (A and B: VGX + STIM, ■ C: ◼; n = 7). A: Serum TNF response. B: Hepatic TNF response. C: Development of endotoxemic shock. Mean arterial blood pressure data are normalized to MABP at time = 0. Sham-surgery, vagotomy, and electrical stimulation with vagotomy did not significantly affect MABP in vehicle-treated controls (not shown). Data are means +/− SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.005 compared with SHAM + endotoxin; #P < 0.05 compared with VGX + endotoxin. Taken from Borovikova and others (16) with Nature’s copyright permission <https://doi.org/www.nature.com>.Back to article page