Fig. 3
From: Neuroimmune semaphorins as costimulatory molecules and beyond
Different roles of Sema4A in the immune response. a Sema4A-Tim2 pathway costimulates T cells. Sema4A on DC directly binds Tim-2 on T cells. This leads to optimal T cell activation, proliferation and cytokine production. b Sema4A in T-T cell interaction. Sema4A ligation of Tim-2 expressed on Th1 cells optimizes Th1 effector immune response. c Sema4A in T-Treg cell interaction. Expressed on conventional T cells, Sema4A ligates NRP-1 on the surface of T reg cells. This interaction induces a complex of signaling events in T reg cells directed to promote their stability and function