Table 1 The advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD)

Kerkeni et al. (Kerkeni et al., 2014)

Randomized Control Trial

Serum pentosidine concentrations were significantly higher in patients with CAD in both patients with and without DM (p = 0.032 and 0.002, respectively). CML levels did not show a significant difference in patients with CAD between those with and without DM. The serum pentosidine concentrations were significantly higher in patients with CAD who had a Gensini score of > 20 compared to those with the score of “1–20” or “0” (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). CML concentration was not associated with the severity of CAD (p = 0.853).

Lu L et al. (Lu et al., 2009)

Cross Sectional

Elevated glycated albumin and reduced esRAGE levels correlated with the severity of CAD and progression of the plaque in patients with DM (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in glycated albumin and esRAGE concentrations (in patients without DM) between patients with and without CAD.

Basta et al. (Basta et al., 2008)

Randomized Control Trial

AGE concentrations were significantly higher in patients with multi-vessel CAD compared to those with single vessel disease at both day 1 and day 180 after PCI (p =. 0.033 and 0.005, respectively), but not before PCI (p =. 0.60). There was a significant increase in sRAGE levels at 180 days (491 μg/ml [374–850]) compared to before and 1 day after PCI (406 μg/ml [266–575] and 393 μg/ml [222–554] respectively, p = 0.011). There was a correlation between CML levels and the extent of the stenting on day 1 and day 180 (p = 0.022 and p = 0.012, respectively).

Kiuchi et al. (Kiuchi et al., 2001)

Randomized Control Trial

AGE concentrations were significantly higher in patients with CAD who had DM compared to those without DM (2.8 vs. 5.5 mU/mL, respectively (p < 0.0125). However, AGE concentrations did not show a significant difference in patients without CAD between patients with and without DM. There was a significant association between AGE levels and severity of CAD in patients with DM (single vessel: 3.4 mU/mL, two vessels: 5.7 mU/mL, and three vessels: 7.2 mU/mL). There was no significant correlation between AGE levels and severity of CAD in patients with or without DM.

Kanauchi et al. (Kanauchi et al., 2001)

Observational

There were significantly higher AGE levels in patients with CAD and DM compared to control individuals (2.42 ± 0.65 vs. 1.96 ± 0.40 mU/mL, p < 0.01). The AGE concentrations significantly correlated with the severity of CAD (no CAD: 1.98 ± 0.29; 1 vessel: 2.09 ± 0.34; 2 vessels: 2.60 ± 0.73; and 3 vessels: 3.18 ± 0.58 mU/ml, p < 0.0001).