Table 1 Characteristics of subjects selected for DNA methylation analysis

Age (years)

43.0 ± 12.6

44.6 ± 10.6

0.83

Sex, female (%)^b

60

60

ns

Weight (kg)^a

88 (80–107.7)

89.2 (80.2–103.2)

1

Adipose tissue mass (%)^a

38.3 (30.55–43.25)

37.4 (30.9–45.3)

0.47

BMI (kg/m²)

34.0 (29.47–36.9)

31.7 (28.4–38.9)

0.676

WHR^a

0.9 (0.81–0.95)

0.81 (0.79–0.82)

0.11

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)^a

130 (127.5–140)

124 (119–130)

0.095

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)^a

80 (80–90)

80 (77–86)

0.53

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)^a

6.31 (5.58–6.64)

5.0 (4.5–5.25)

0.06

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)^a

4.27 (3.9–4.8)

2.74 (2.5–2.95)

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)^a

1.2 ± 0.3

1.4 ± 0.3

0.25

Non-HDL (mmol/L)^a

5.19 (4.53–5.37)

3.49 (2.99–4.11)

0.02

Fasting triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.7 ± 0.7

1.1 ± 0.8

0.26

Total fatty acids (µg/mL)

4118 ± 1226

3341 ± 925

0.31

Saturated fatty acids (%)

34.04 ± 1.96

32.09 ± 0.85

0.08

Monounsaturated fatty acids (%)

28.52 ± 4.35

26.42 ± 4.42

0.49

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (%)

37.43 ± 6.02

41.49 ± 4.37

0.28

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)^a

5.8 (5.1–6.3)

4.9 (4.7–5.8)

0.4

Glucose AUC OLTT (mmol/L min)^a

10.44 (10.0–10.72)

9.05 (8.78–9.77)

0.022

Glucose AUC OGTT (mmol/L min)^a

4.4 (3.2–5.0)

3.26 (2.6–3.45)

0.06

Fasting insulin (µIU/mL)

22.8 ± 16.8

11.3 ± 4.2

0.173

HOMA-IR

4.0 ± 1.6

2.6 ± 1.1

0.14

Adiponectin (µg/mL)^a

4.2 (3.55–8.07)

7.4 (5.58–10.0)

0.21

Leptin (ng/mL)^a

29.89 (15.18–46.04)

21.8 (14.16–101.85)

0.83

Fasting GIP (pg/mL)^a

32.54 (12.3–48.8)

24.1 (18.1–37.43)

0.4

FGF19 (pg/mL)

160.8 ± 61.7

151.4 ± 108.7

0.62

FGF21 (pg/mL)

280.4 ± 144.3

138.8 ± 92.5

0.102