Fig. 2

Immunofluorescence localization of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the liver tissue of animals treated with ConA or ConA + hVNS. a–c Representative immunofluorescence images of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 that were merged with CD11b. Signal intensities of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 from 4 to 6 images were averaged per each animal and compared among experimental groups (n = 3 independent experiments). One-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc is shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. d Enlarged views of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 signals merged with CD11b and Hoechst nuclear staining images in the liver sections from ConA + hVNS animal. e Immunofluorescence staining of liver tissue with anti-CD11b and anti-albumin antibodies. Representative immunofluorescence images using normal mouse IgG antibody instead of primary antibodies followed by reaction with fluorescein-goat anti-mouse IgG antibody are shown in the last column. Scale bars in a–c, d, and e are 100 μm, 10 μm, and 50 μm respectively