Fig. 1

Overview of Ber-mediated mitohormesis signaling. Ber mainly accumulated in the mitochondria after entering cells through organic cation transporter (OTC1/2) or passive diffusion. In mitochondria, Ber could target enzymes and other proteins associated with the electron transfer chain or mtDNA to disrupt energy homeostasis and induce translation stress. This can induce mitohormetic response via (1) ROS-mediated redox pathway, (2) AMP/ATP-induced AMPK pathway, (3) NAD+/NADH-mediated Sirtuins pathway (i.e., SIRT1), and (4) UPRmt pathway to regulate and maintain mitochondria homeostasis for the ability of cells to adapt to adverse circumstances