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Table 1 Schobinger staging of AVMs

From: Oscillatory shear stress promotes angiogenic effects in arteriovenous malformations endothelial cells

Stage

Clinical findings

I (Quiescence)

Warm, pink-blue, shunting on Doppler

II (Expansion)

Enlargement, pulsation, thrill, bruit, tortuous veins

III (Destruction)

Dystrophic skin changes, ulceration, bleeding, pain

IV (Decompensation)

Cardiac failure

  1. AVMs Arteriovenous malformations