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Fig. 2 | Molecular Medicine

Fig. 2

From: Paediatric obesity: a systematic review and pathway mapping of metabolic alterations underlying early disease processes

Fig. 2

Visualisation of alterations in lipid metabolism. Overview of altered lipid metabolism and visualisation of its complex interplay resulting in a sustained oxidative environment and low-grade inflammation. Also, physiological consequences are depicted including increased intestinal permeability (linked to dysbiosis), fat mass expansion (enlarged adipocytes with rigid cell membranes) and accelerated atherosclerotic processes implied in comorbidities of obesity. Black arrows indicate reactions and movement directions, whilst red and blue arrows respectively indicate a down- and upregulation of metabolites and enzymes. Created with www.BioRender.com. CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide; LA, linoleic acid; 9/13-oxo-ODE, 9/13-oxooctadecadienoic acid; D6D, delta-6-desaturase; D5D, delta-5-desaturase; DGLA, dihomo-gamma-linoleic acid; COX, cyclooxygenase; EPA, eicosapentanoic acid; AAc, arachidonic acid; DHA, docosahexanoic acid; PGs, prostaglandins; TXAs, thromboxane; LTs, leukotriene; NEFAs, non-esterified fatty acids; ROS, reactive oxygen species; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; IR, insulin receptor substrate; IR, insulin receptor; Chol, cholesterol; SL, sphingolipid; GPL, glycerophospholipid; BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; PC, phosphatidylcholine; CE, cholesterol ester; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LCAT, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; oxLDL, oxidised low-density lipoprotein

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