Skip to main content

Table 2 Childhood obesity database of included papers

From: Paediatric obesity: a systematic review and pathway mapping of metabolic alterations underlying early disease processes

Continent

Reference paper

Study population, location and number of participants (N)

Measurement technique

Focus area

Matrix

Study design

Pubertal stage

Outcome/related disease

Diagnostics

Asia

Cho et al. (2017) Pediatric Obesity

Korea

N = 184

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)/MS and flow injection analysis (FIA)–MS/MS

Metabolomics

Urine

Cohort

> TS1

Obesity

BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts

Kim et al. (2016) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

Korea

N = 242

Gas chromatography (GC)–MS

Steroid metabolites

Serum

Case–control

> 50% TS1 and < 50% TS2, TS3 and TS4

Obesity

BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts

Lee et al. (2018) Scientific Reports

Korea, KoCAS

N = 430

LC–MS/MS

Metabolomics

Plasma

Cohort

> TS1

Obesity and diabetes type 2

BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts

Lee et al. (2019) Scientific Reports

Korea, KoCAS-1

N = 449

FIA–MS/MS

Amino acids

Plasma

Cohort

< 5% TS1, > 45% TS2 and TS3 and > 45% TS4 and TS5

Obesity and insulin resistance

BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts

Son et al. (2015) The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Korea

N = 253

GC–MS

Cholesterol and other sterols

Serum

Case–control

TS1 and TS2

Obesity

BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts

Suzuki et al. (2019) BMC Pediatrics

Japan

N = 26

LC–MS

Amino acids

Plasma

Cohort

 

Obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and hyperuricemia

BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts

Australia

Saner et al. (2019) Metabolomics

Victoria, COBRA

N = 412

1H-NMR

Amino acids

Serum

Cohort

> 30% TS1, 25% TS2 and TS3 and 35% TS4 and TS5

Obesity

US Centres for Disease Control (CDC) growth reference charts

Europe

Anjos et al. (2019) Journal of Proteome Research

Portugal

N = 32

GC–MS and hydrophilic interaction (HI)LC–MS2, untargeted and 163 targets

Phospholipids

Serum

Case–control

> TS1

Obesity

Global BMI ranges (Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Portugal)

 

Hosking et al. (2019) Pediatric Diabetes

Early Bird, United Kingdom

N = 150

1H-NMR

Amino acids

Serum

Longitudinal cohort

TS1 at baseline and TS3 at follow-up

Insulin resistance

BMI according to British 1990 standards

 

Lau et al. (2018) BMC Medicine

HELIX, Multilevel European (UK, France, Spain, Norway, Greece, Lithuania)

N = 1192

FIA–MS2 and LC–MS2

and 1H-NMR, Fingerprinting

Metabolomics

Serum and urine

Longitudinal cohort

TS1 and TS2

Not specified

WHO growth reference curves

 

Mangge et al. (2016) The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

Austria

N = 666

HPLC

Amino acids

Serum

Case–control

TS3

Obesity

Austrian reference BMI percentiles and HOMA-IR

 

Martos-Moreno et al. (2017) International Journal of Obesity

Spain

N = 100

GC–MS2 and LC–MS2

Glycero-phospholipids

Serum

Case–control

TS1

Obesity

BMI-SDS according to Spanish standards and IOTF classification by Cole’s LMS method

 

Mastrangelo et al. (2016) International Journal of Obesity

Spain

N = 458

GC–MS2 and LC–MS2

Glycero-phospholipids

Serum

Case–control

TS1

Obesity

BMI-SDS according to Spanish standards

 

Reinehr et al. (2015) European Journal of Nutrition

Germany

N = 160

LC–MS2

Glycero-phospholipids

Serum

Case–control

TS1 and TS2

Obesity

BMI according to German reference data

 

Rocha et al. (2018) Hormone Research in Paeditrics

Germany

N = 458

Biochemical technique

Uric acid

Serum

Case–control

TS1

Obesity

BMI according to German reference data

 

Troisi et al. (2017) Nutrients

Italy

N = 40

GC–MS

Metabolomics

Urine

Case–control

TS1, TS2, TS3 and TS4

Obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Italian reference BMI percentiles (aged 2 to 20 years)

 

Troisi et al. (2019) Nutrients

Italy

N = 41

GC–MS

Metabolomics

Saliva

Case–control

TS1

Obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Italian reference BMI percentiles (aged 2 to 20 years)

 

Valle et al. (2015) Pediatric Diabetes

Spain

N = 86

 

Uric acid

Serum

Case–control

TS1

Metabolic syndrome

Spanish reference BMI percentiles (Curvas y tablas de crecimiento, 6–9 year old)

 

Wahl et al. (2012) Obesity Facts

Germany

N = 120

LC–MS2

Glycero-phospholipids

Serum

Case–control

TS1, TS2, TS3 and TS4

Obesity

IOTF classification by Cole’s LMS method

 

Wijnant et al. (2020) Analytical Chemistry

Belgium

N = 140

LC–MS

Metabolomics

Saliva

Case–control

TS1

Obesity

BMI z-scores following Roelants et al. and IOTF classification by Cole’s LMS method

 

Zhang et al. (2019) Journal of Adolescent Health

Finland

N = 396

1H-NMR

Amino acids

Serum

Longitudinal cohort

TS1 and TS2 at baseline and TS5 at follow-up

Insulin resistance

Finnish reference BMI data (aged 0 to 20 years)

America

Aristizabal et al. (2017) Nutrients

Colombia

N = 58

GC

FFA

Plasma

Case–control

TS1

Obesity

WC reference cut-off according to IDEFICS

 

Bermudez-Cardona and Velasquez-Rodriguez (2016) Nutrients

Colombia

N = 96

GC-FID

Fatty acids

Serum

Case–control

> 10% TS1, 25% TS2, TS3 and TS4 and > 60% TS5

Metabolic syndrome

WHO growth reference curves

 

Butte et al. (2015) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Texas

N = 803

GC–MS and UPLC–MS/MS

Metabolomics

Plasma

Cohort

TS2, TS3 and TS4

Obesity

Reference BMI percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America

 

Chavira-Suárez et al. (2020) PLoS ONE

Mexico

N = 168

Tandem MS

Metabolomics

Serum

Case–control

 

Overweight and obesity

WHO growth reference curves and WHtR in z-scores NHANES

 

McCormack et al. (2013) Pediatric Obesity

Massachusetts

N = 21

Biochemical technique

Metabolomics

Serum

Case–control

TS2, TS3 and TS4

Obesity

Reference BMI percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America

 

Farook et al. (2015) Pediatric Obesity

Texas

N = 42

UPLC–MS/MS

Metabolomics

Serum

Case–control

TS1, TS2 and TS3

Obesity

NHANES III

 

Flannagan et al. (2018) Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular disease

El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica, Belize, the Dominican Republic and Guatemala

N = 201

GC

Metabolomics

Adipose tissue

Cohort

TS1

Metabolic syndrome

BMI-z according to WHO Growth Reference (for children aged 5 to19 years)

 

Goffredo et al. (2017) Nutrients

Connecticut

N = 78

LC–MS

Branched-chain amino acids

Plasma

Case–control

TS1, TS2, TS3, TS4 and TS5

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

National BMI and BMI-z reference percentiles (Yale Pediatric NAFLD Cohort)

 

Higgins et al. (2020) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Canada

N = 45

LC–MS/MS

Lipoproteins and bile acids

Serum

Cohort

< 5%% TS2, 25% TS3, 30% TS4 and > 40% TS5

Obesity

WHO growth reference curves

 

Mauras et al. (2015) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Florida

N = 35

LC–MS/MS

Estrogens

Plasma

Case–control

TS1

Obesity

National reference BMI percentiles (Florida)

 

Moran-Ramos et al. (2017) Scientific Reports

Mexico

N = 1120

MS/MS

Amino acids

Serum

Cohort

TS1 and TS2

Obesity

Reference BMI percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America

 

Newbern et al. (2014)The  Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabalism

North Carolina

N = 82

MSn

Metabolomics

Plasma

Cohort

TS2, TS3, TS4 and TS5

Insulin resistance

Reference BMI percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America

 

Perng et al. (2017) Paediatric Obesity

Mexico

N = 238

LC–MS

Metabolomics

Serum

Cohort

35% TS1, < 10% TS2, 5% TS3 and 5% TS 4, TS5

Metabolic risk

Reference BMI percentiles (Mexico National Institute of Public Health)

 

Perng et al. (2018) Pediatric Obesity

Massachusetts

N = 213

Ultra-high performance (UP)LC–MS/MS

Amino acids

Plasma

Longitudinal cohort

> 65% TS1 and  30% TS2

Early adolescence

Reference BMI and BMI-z percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America

 

Perng et al. (2019) Pediatric Research

Mexico

N = 179

LC–MS

Amino acids

Serum

Longitudinal cohort

TS1 at baseline and > TS2 after 5-year follow-up

Metabolic risk

National reference BMI-z scores (Mexico National Institute of Public Health)

 

Perng et al. (2020a; b) Obesity

Massachusetts

N = 592

UPLC–MS

Metabolomics

Plasma

Case–control

> 10% TS1 and  80% TS2

Metabolic risk

Reference BMI and BMI-z percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America

 

Short et al. (2019) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Oklahoma

N = 94

UPLC–MS

Amino acids

Plasma

Case–control

TS2

Obesity

Reference BMI percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America

 

Trico et al. (2017) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Connecticut

N = 78

1H-NMR

Amino acids

Plasma

Longitudinal cohort

> TS1

Insulin resistance

National BMI-z reference (the Yale Pediatric Obesity Clinic)

 

Trico et al. (2019) Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Connecticut

N = 122

LC–MS/MS

Fatty acids

Plasma

Case–control

> TS1

Metabolic syndrome

National BMI-z reference (the Yale Pediatric Obesity Clinic)

  1. An overview of the included studies according to the continental region of study. The first author, year of publication and name of the journal were addressed as reference. For every study, the study population, location of the study, number of participants, measurement technique, focus area of research, the matrix studied, the study design, pubertal stage of the children under study, the main outcome and method of diagnosis (in defining the groups under study) were listed