Continent | Reference paper | Study population, location and number of participants (N) | Measurement technique | Focus area | Matrix | Study design | Pubertal stage | Outcome/related disease | Diagnostics |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia | Cho et al. (2017) Pediatric Obesity | Korea N = 184 | Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)/MS and flow injection analysis (FIA)–MS/MS | Metabolomics | Urine | Cohort | > TS1 | Obesity | BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts |
Kim et al. (2016) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism | Korea N = 242 | Gas chromatography (GC)–MS | Steroid metabolites | Serum | Case–control | > 50% TS1 and < 50% TS2, TS3 and TS4 | Obesity | BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts | |
Lee et al. (2018) Scientific Reports | Korea, KoCAS N = 430 | LC–MS/MS | Metabolomics | Plasma | Cohort | > TS1 | Obesity and diabetes type 2 | BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts | |
Lee et al. (2019) Scientific Reports | Korea, KoCAS-1 N = 449 | FIA–MS/MS | Amino acids | Plasma | Cohort | < 5% TS1, > 45% TS2 and TS3 and > 45% TS4 and TS5 | Obesity and insulin resistance | BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts | |
Son et al. (2015) The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology | Korea N = 253 | GC–MS | Cholesterol and other sterols | Serum | Case–control | TS1 and TS2 | Obesity | BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts | |
Suzuki et al. (2019) BMC Pediatrics | Japan N = 26 | LC–MS | Amino acids | Plasma | Cohort | Obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and hyperuricemia | BMI according to Korean National Growth Charts | ||
Australia | Saner et al. (2019) Metabolomics | Victoria, COBRA N = 412 | 1H-NMR | Amino acids | Serum | Cohort | > 30% TS1, 25% TS2 and TS3 and 35% TS4 and TS5 | Obesity | US Centres for Disease Control (CDC) growth reference charts |
Europe | Anjos et al. (2019) Journal of Proteome Research | Portugal N = 32 | GC–MS and hydrophilic interaction (HI)LC–MS2, untargeted and 163 targets | Phospholipids | Serum | Case–control | > TS1 | Obesity | Global BMI ranges (Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Portugal) |
Hosking et al. (2019) Pediatric Diabetes | Early Bird, United Kingdom N = 150 | 1H-NMR | Amino acids | Serum | Longitudinal cohort | TS1 at baseline and ≧ TS3 at follow-up | Insulin resistance | BMI according to British 1990 standards | |
Lau et al. (2018) BMC Medicine | HELIX, Multilevel European (UK, France, Spain, Norway, Greece, Lithuania) N = 1192 | FIA–MS2 and LC–MS2 and 1H-NMR, Fingerprinting | Metabolomics | Serum and urine | Longitudinal cohort | TS1 and TS2 | Not specified | WHO growth reference curves | |
Mangge et al. (2016) The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry | Austria N = 666 | HPLC | Amino acids | Serum | Case–control | ≧ TS3 | Obesity | Austrian reference BMI percentiles and HOMA-IR | |
Martos-Moreno et al. (2017) International Journal of Obesity | Spain N = 100 | GC–MS2 and LC–MS2 | Glycero-phospholipids | Serum | Case–control | TS1 | Obesity | BMI-SDS according to Spanish standards and IOTF classification by Cole’s LMS method | |
Mastrangelo et al. (2016) International Journal of Obesity | Spain N = 458 | GC–MS2 and LC–MS2 | Glycero-phospholipids | Serum | Case–control | TS1 | Obesity | BMI-SDS according to Spanish standards | |
Reinehr et al. (2015) European Journal of Nutrition | Germany N = 160 | LC–MS2 | Glycero-phospholipids | Serum | Case–control | TS1 and TS2 | Obesity | BMI according to German reference data | |
Rocha et al. (2018) Hormone Research in Paeditrics | Germany N = 458 | Biochemical technique | Uric acid | Serum | Case–control | ≧ TS1 | Obesity | BMI according to German reference data | |
Troisi et al. (2017) Nutrients | Italy N = 40 | GC–MS | Metabolomics | Urine | Case–control | TS1, TS2, TS3 and TS4 | Obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | Italian reference BMI percentiles (aged 2 to 20 years) | |
Troisi et al. (2019) Nutrients | Italy N = 41 | GC–MS | Metabolomics | Saliva | Case–control | ≧ TS1 | Obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | Italian reference BMI percentiles (aged 2 to 20 years) | |
Valle et al. (2015) Pediatric Diabetes | Spain N = 86 | Uric acid | Serum | Case–control | TS1 | Metabolic syndrome | Spanish reference BMI percentiles (Curvas y tablas de crecimiento, 6–9 year old) | ||
Wahl et al. (2012) Obesity Facts | Germany N = 120 | LC–MS2 | Glycero-phospholipids | Serum | Case–control | TS1, TS2, TS3 and TS4 | Obesity | IOTF classification by Cole’s LMS method | |
Wijnant et al. (2020) Analytical Chemistry | Belgium N = 140 | LC–MS | Metabolomics | Saliva | Case–control | ≧ TS1 | Obesity | BMI z-scores following Roelants et al. and IOTF classification by Cole’s LMS method | |
Zhang et al. (2019) Journal of Adolescent Health | Finland N = 396 | 1H-NMR | Amino acids | Serum | Longitudinal cohort | TS1 and TS2 at baseline and TS5 at follow-up | Insulin resistance | Finnish reference BMI data (aged 0 to 20 years) | |
America | Aristizabal et al. (2017) Nutrients | Colombia N = 58 | GC | FFA | Plasma | Case–control | TS1 | Obesity | WC reference cut-off according to IDEFICS |
Bermudez-Cardona and Velasquez-Rodriguez (2016) Nutrients | Colombia N = 96 | GC-FID | Fatty acids | Serum | Case–control | > 10% TS1, 25% TS2, TS3 and TS4 and > 60% TS5 | Metabolic syndrome | WHO growth reference curves | |
Butte et al. (2015) The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Texas N = 803 | GC–MS and UPLC–MS/MS | Metabolomics | Plasma | Cohort | TS2, TS3 and TS4 | Obesity | Reference BMI percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America | |
Chavira-Suárez et al. (2020) PLoS ONE | Mexico N = 168 | Tandem MS | Metabolomics | Serum | Case–control | Overweight and obesity | WHO growth reference curves and WHtR in z-scores NHANES | ||
McCormack et al. (2013) Pediatric Obesity | Massachusetts N = 21 | Biochemical technique | Metabolomics | Serum | Case–control | TS2, TS3 and TS4 | Obesity | Reference BMI percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America | |
Farook et al. (2015) Pediatric Obesity | Texas N = 42 | UPLC–MS/MS | Metabolomics | Serum | Case–control | TS1, TS2 and TS3 | Obesity | NHANES III | |
Flannagan et al. (2018) Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular disease | El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Costa Rica, Belize, the Dominican Republic and Guatemala N = 201 | GC | Metabolomics | Adipose tissue | Cohort | TS1 | Metabolic syndrome | BMI-z according to WHO Growth Reference (for children aged 5 to19 years) | |
Goffredo et al. (2017) Nutrients | Connecticut N = 78 | LC–MS | Branched-chain amino acids | Plasma | Case–control | TS1, TS2, TS3, TS4 and TS5 | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | National BMI and BMI-z reference percentiles (Yale Pediatric NAFLD Cohort) | |
Higgins et al. (2020) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | Canada N = 45 | LC–MS/MS | Lipoproteins and bile acids | Serum | Cohort | < 5%% TS2, 25% TS3, 30% TS4 and > 40% TS5 | Obesity | WHO growth reference curves | |
Mauras et al. (2015) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | Florida N = 35 | LC–MS/MS | Estrogens | Plasma | Case–control | TS1 | Obesity | National reference BMI percentiles (Florida) | |
Moran-Ramos et al. (2017) Scientific Reports | Mexico N = 1120 | MS/MS | Amino acids | Serum | Cohort | TS1 and TS2 | Obesity | Reference BMI percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America | |
Newbern et al. (2014)The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabalism | North Carolina N = 82 | MSn | Metabolomics | Plasma | Cohort | TS2, TS3, TS4 and TS5 | Insulin resistance | Reference BMI percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America | |
Perng et al. (2017) Paediatric Obesity | Mexico N = 238 | LC–MS | Metabolomics | Serum | Cohort | 35% TS1, < 10% TS2, 5% TS3 and 5% TS 4, TS5 | Metabolic risk | Reference BMI percentiles (Mexico National Institute of Public Health) | |
Perng et al. (2018) Pediatric Obesity | Massachusetts N = 213 | Ultra-high performance (UP)LC–MS/MS | Amino acids | Plasma | Longitudinal cohort | > 65% TS1 and ≧ 30% TS2 | Early adolescence | Reference BMI and BMI-z percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America | |
Perng et al. (2019) Pediatric Research | Mexico N = 179 | LC–MS | Amino acids | Serum | Longitudinal cohort | TS1 at baseline and > TS2 after 5-year follow-up | Metabolic risk | National reference BMI-z scores (Mexico National Institute of Public Health) | |
Massachusetts N = 592 | UPLC–MS | Metabolomics | Plasma | Case–control | > 10% TS1 and ≧ 80% TS2 | Metabolic risk | Reference BMI and BMI-z percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America | ||
Short et al. (2019) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | Oklahoma N = 94 | UPLC–MS | Amino acids | Plasma | Case–control | ≧ TS2 | Obesity | Reference BMI percentiles according to CDC growth charts for the United States of America | |
Trico et al. (2017) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | Connecticut N = 78 | 1H-NMR | Amino acids | Plasma | Longitudinal cohort | > TS1 | Insulin resistance | National BMI-z reference (the Yale Pediatric Obesity Clinic) | |
Trico et al. (2019) Antioxidants and Redox Signaling | Connecticut N = 122 | LC–MS/MS | Fatty acids | Plasma | Case–control | > TS1 | Metabolic syndrome | National BMI-z reference (the Yale Pediatric Obesity Clinic) |