| |
Syndecan-1
|
P
|
|---|
|
High level (N = 27)
|
Low level (N = 22)
|
|---|
|
Age, years
|
64.0 (57.0–71.0) (27)
|
65.5 (56.0–73.0) (22)
|
0.984
|
|
Gender
|
|
Male/female
|
74.1% (20/27)/25.9% (7/27)
|
54.5% (12/22)/45.5% (10/22)
|
0.153
|
|
Comorbidities/conditions
|
|
Smoking
|
11.1% (3/27)
|
9.1% (2/22)
|
1.000
|
|
Hypertension
|
48.1% (13/27)
|
50.0% (11/22)
|
0.897
|
|
Diabetes
|
7.4% (2/27)
|
27.3% (6/22)
|
0.138
|
|
Cardiovascular disease
|
18.5% (5/27)
|
31.8% (7/22)
|
0.282
|
|
Cerebrovascular disease
|
14.8% (4/27)
|
13.6% (3/22)
|
1.000
|
|
Chronic lung disease
|
3.7% (1/27)
|
4.5% (1/22)
|
1.000
|
|
Chronic kidney disease
|
3.7% (1/27)
|
9.1% (2/22)
|
0.855
|
|
Chronic liver disease
|
0.0% (0/27)
|
4.5% (1/22)
|
0.449
|
|
Anemia
|
0.0% (0/27)
|
9.1% (2/22)
|
0.196
|
|
Malignancy
|
3.7% (1/27)
|
4.5% (1/22)
|
1.000
|
|
Autoimmune diseases
|
0.0% (0/27)
|
4.5% (1/22)
|
0.449
|
|
Symptoms and signs
|
|
Fever
|
74.1% (20/27)
|
100.0% (22/22)
|
0.030
|
|
Fatigue
|
55.6% (15/27)
|
54.5% (12/22)
|
0.944
|
|
Dyspnea
|
66.7% (18/27)
|
54.5% (12/22)
|
0.386
|
|
Cough
|
74.1% (20/27)
|
63.6% (14/22)
|
0.430
|
|
Sputum production
|
55.6% (15/27)
|
54.5% (12/22)
|
0.944
|
|
Pharyngeal pain
|
18.5% (5/27)
|
9.1% (2/22)
|
0.598
|
|
Abdominal pain
|
29.6% (8/27)
|
18.2% (4/22)
|
0.354
|
|
Diarrhea
|
37.0% (10/27)
|
22.7% (5/22)
|
0.280
|
|
Headache
|
22.2% (6/27)
|
18.2% (4/22)
|
1.000
|
|
Dizziness
|
11.1% (3/27)
|
4.5% (1/22)
|
0.756
|
|
Nausea
|
37.0% (10/27)
|
18.2% (4/22)
|
0.146
|
|
Vomiting
|
33.3% (9/27)
|
13.6% (3/22)
|
0.111
|
|
Anorexia
|
29.6% (8/27)
|
9.1% (2/22)
|
0.156
|
|
Myalgia
|
22.2% (6/27)
|
18.2% (4/22)
|
1.000
|
|
Disease severity status
|
|
Severe/Critically severe
|
11.1% (3/27)/88.9% (24/27)
|
36.4% (8/22)/63.6% (14/22)
|
0.078
|
|
Treatment
|
|
MV
|
80.8% (21/26)
|
50.0% (11/22)
|
0.024
|
|
Invasive MV
|
100.0% (21/21)
|
72.7% (8/11)
|
0.061
|
|
PEEP (cm H2O)
|
12.0 (10.0–14.0) (21)
|
13.0 (12.0–14.0) (8)
|
0.134
|
|
PaCO2 (mmHg)
|
49.0 (44.0–57.3) (18)
|
48.9 (42.0–64.5) (10)
|
0.944
|
|
Oxygenation index (mmHg)
|
128.3 (87.1–254.5) (17)
|
136.4 (62.3–303.5) (6)
|
0.865
|
|
Lactate (mmol/L)
|
2.1 (1.6–3.1) (10)
|
2.5 (0.5–3.6) (6)
|
0.875
|
|
Disease outcome
|
|
ICU discharge
|
11.1% (3/27)
|
50.0% (11/22)
|
0.003
|
|
Time from diagnosis to ICU discharge (days)
|
29.0 (NA) (3)
|
24.0 (17.0–35.0) (11)
|
0.582
|
|
Death
|
88.9% (24/27)
|
50.0% (11/22)
|
0.003
|
|
Time from diagnosis to death (days)
|
17.5 (12.0–24.0) (24)
|
23.0 (16.0–28.0) (11)
|
0.405
|
- Bold values indicate statistical significance
- Data are presented as median (Q1–Q3) (N) or % (n/N). COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019, ICU, intensive care unit; MV, mechanical ventilation; PEEP, positive end-expiratory pressure; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide
