Fig. 7

KD feeding and β-HB treatment decreased inflammation responses by downregulating PES1. a, b KD feeding in normal and diabetic mice suppressed the inflammation related proteins. c Relative mRNA levels of hepatic IL-1β and IL-18 were measured by qRT-PCR. d, e β-HB treatment in hepatocytes inhibited the inflammation proteins. f Relative mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in cultured hepatocytes were measured by qRT-PCR. g, h Pes1 knockdown in hepatocytes lowered the inflammation proteins. i Shown are the effects of Pes1 knockdown on the relative mRNA levels of cellular IL-1β and IL-18. j, k Pes1 supplementation in hepatocytes enhanced the levels of inflammation proteins. l Exhibited are the effects of Pes1 supplementation on the relative mRNA levels of cellular IL-1β and IL-18. m, n Pes1-CKO in mice reduced inflammation proteins in murine livers. o Demonstrated are the effects of Pes1 knockout on the relative mRNA levels of hepatic IL-1β and IL-18. Data were shown as mean ± SEM for each experiment performed independently 3 times. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with controls or ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01, ^###P < 0.001 compared with controls (Student’s t-test or ANOVA, Student–Newman–Keuls q test)