Fig. 5

The effect of β-catenin inhibition on mouse AVF thickening. Treatment of pyrvinium pamoate or control solvent DMSO was started 1 week post-operation. Sham operated IVC and AVF specimens were obtained at 6 weeks post-operation. A–C Masson trichrome stained sections D Quantification of vein thickness measured in Masson trichrome stained sections. E–G IF images double-stained for αSMA and vimentin. H Quantification of αSMA/vimentin merged area I Quantification of αSMA/vimentin double-positive cells in tunica media. J–L IF images stained for axin2. M Quantification of axin2 expression. Data are presented as median, 1st and 3rd quartiles, maximal and minimal values in the box plots (n = 6 per group). P values in D, H, I, and M were determined by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction. Insignificant P values are not shown. Images were obtained using the TissueFAXS system. AVF arteriovenous fistula, IVC inferior vena cava, DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide, IF immunofluorescence, αSMA smooth muscle alpha-actin, Lu lumen