Fig. 3

Plasmablasts in T1D retain the antigen-presenting feature. A Representative histograms of HLA-II, CD86, CD80, and CD40 expression on B cell subsets from patients with new-onset T1D. B–E The analyses of the HLA-II, CD86, CD80, and CD40 expression on B cell subsets. Data indicate mean ± SEM. Difference between groups were assessed by One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. ** P < 0.01 compared with naïve B cells. F–G Comparison of the HLA-II⁺ and CD86⁺ plasmablast frequencies in B cell compartment between control subjects and patients with new-onset T1D. Data indicate mean ± SEM. Independent t test, * P < 0.05. H Association between CD86 expression and FCP and 2hCP in patients with new-onset T1D. I Association between CD86 expression on plasmablasts and IFN-γ⁺CD4⁺ T cells in patients with new-onset T1D. Correlation was assessed by Pearson analysis. FCP, plasma fasting C-peptide; 2hCP, plasma 2-h postprandial C-peptide