Fig. 9

Pre-treated with rTWEAK aggravates the ROS production in macrophages. rTWEAK (100 ng/mL) was added to LPS (100 ng/mL) for 135 min and ATP (2.5 mM)-challenged primary macrophages for 45 min. A, B ROS production in the primary macrophages was analyzed by the flow cytometry assay (n = 3). C–E The expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 protein in primary macrophages were determined by Western blot (n = 3). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Differences among multiple groups were performed using ANOVA. Tukey’s test was used as a post hoc test to make pair-wise comparisons. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001