Cancer-associated fibroblasts and its derived exosomes: a new perspective for reshaping the tumor microenvironment

Table 1 Heterogeneous CAF subsets with anti-tumor functions

Cancer type	CAF subtype	Biological effect	Refs.
ER⁺ breast cancer	CD146^pos CAFs	Maintain ER expression and sustain sensitivity to tamoxifen	Brechbuhl et al. (2017)
Pancreatic cancer	α-SMA⁺ CAFs	Mediate T-effector cell to Treg ratio and promote immune infiltration	McAndrews et al. (2022)
Breast Cancer	Asporin⁺ CAFs	Inhibition of TGF-β1-mediated SMAD2 phosphorylation, EMT process and stemness	Maris et al. (2015)
Fibrosarcoma	VCAN⁺ CAFs	Remodel the ECM and maintain the tumor-inhibitory functions	Fanhchaksai et al. (2016)
Lung cancer	low-HGF/low-FGF7 CAFs	Exert chemoattraction for immune cell infiltration and reverse ICB resistance	Hu et al. (2021a, b)
Pancreatic cancer	Meflin⁺ CAFs	Suppress the progression of tumor	Mizutani et al. (2019)
Pancreatic cancer	α-SMA⁺ CAFs	Inhibit accumulation of CD4 + FOXP3 + Tregs and immunosuppressive microenvironment formation	Ozdemir et al. (2014)

ISSN: 1528-3658