Figure 2From: Molecular Mediators of Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury: A Brief ReviewIn liver ischemia reperfusion injury, the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) system is activated by endogenous and exogenous ligands leading to downstream signal transduction and upregulation of chemokines/cytokines, interferon (IFN)-inducible genes, and costimulatory molecules. These pathways result in full engagement of the innate immune response, transitions to the adaptive immune response, and ultimate hepatocellular damage.Back to article page