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Table 1 Adipokines, adipokine interplay and the effects on glucose homeostasisa

From: Adipokines and Insulin Resistance

Adipokine

Receptor

Effects on other adipokines

Metabolic function

Adiponectin

AdipoRl, AdipoR2, T-cadherin

Suppression of TNF-α and IL-6 expression

Suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis p ]Stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in liver and skeletal muscle p ]Stimulation of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle p ]Stimulation of insulin secretion Modulation of food intake and energy expenditure

Chemerin

CMKLR1

Suppression of TNF-α and IL-6 expression Stimulation of adiponectin expression

Enhancement of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and 1 RS-1 phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Leptin

LR isoforms a-eb

Stimulation of TNF-α and IL-6 expression p ]Suppression of resistin and retinol binding protein 4 expression Stimulation of adiponectin expression

Repression of food intake p ]Promotion of energy expenditure p ]Stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in liver, pancreas and skeletal muscle p ]Modulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis Modulation of pancreatic β-cell function

Omentin

Unknown

Unknown

Enhancement of insulin-stimulated glucose transport and Akt phosphorylation in human adipocytes

Resistin

Unknown

Stimulation of TNF-a and IL-6 expression

Induction of insulin resistance in mice Lack of a clear function in glucose metabolism in humans

Retinol binding protein 4

unknown (RAR, RXR, cell surface receptors?)

Unknown

Stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis in mice Impairment of skeletal muscle insulin signaling in mice Uncertain effect on insulin resistance in humans

Tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6

TNFR, IL-6R/gpl30

Stimulation of leptin, resistin, and visfatin/PBEF/Nampt expression Suppression of adiponectin and retinol binding protein 4 expression

Modulation of hepatic and skeletal muscle insulin signaling

Vaspin

—c

Suppression of leptin, resistin, and TNF-a expression Stimulation of adiponectin expression

Improvement of insulin sensitivity in mice Uncertain effect on insulin sensitivity in humans

Visfatin/PBEF/Nampt

—d

Stimulation of TNF-α and IL-6 expression

Stimulation of insulin secretion in mice Uncertain effect on insulin resistance in rodents and humans

  1. aAbbreviations in table: AdipoR1, adiponectin receptor 1; AdipoR2, adiponectin receptor 2; CMKLR1, chemokine like receptor-1; IL-6R, interleukin-6 receptor; IRS-1, Insulin receptor substrate-1; LR, leptin receptor; Nampt, nicotinamide phophoribosyltransferase; PBEF, pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor; RAR, retinoic acid receptor; RXR retinoic acid-X receptor; TNFR, Tumor necrosis factor-α receptor; vaspin, visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor.
  2. bLRb is restricted to the hypothalamus, brainstem and key regions of the brain which control feeding, energy balance and glucose metabolism
  3. cEffects likely to be mediated through inhibition of a yet-unknown protease.
  4. dEffects mediated through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthetic activity.
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Molecular Medicine

ISSN: 1528-3658