Figure 1

Early versus late mediators of endotoxin lethality. Vertebrates treated with lethal doses of LPS succumb at latencies of up to several days, long after serum TNF and IL-1 β have returned to basal levels. The timing for HMGB1 release is delayed and parallels the onset of lethality in endotoxemia and sepsis. Reprinted with permission of the American Thoracic Society. Copyright © 2015 American Thoracic Society. Wang H, Yang H, Czura CJ, Sama AE, Tracey KJ. (2001) HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal systemic inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164(10 Pt 1):1768–73 (cited as reference (49) in the current review).