High Mobility Group Box Protein 1 (HMGB1): The Prototypical Endogenous Danger Molecule

Table 1 HMGB1 receptor families.

Receptors	Complex with	Effects	References
TLR4/MD-2	—	Cytokine release	3,16,39
RAGE	—	Cell migration, pyroptosis, internalization of HMGB1-partner molecules	11,32,37,45
CD24/siglet 10	—	Antiinflammatory	31
Integrin/Mac1	—	Cell recruitment	33
TIM3	—	Reduce tumor immunity	34
TLR4/MD-2	LPS, NMDAR	Synergistic cytokine release, increased neuroinflammation	35,38
TLR2	Pam₃CSK₄, nucleosomes	Synergistic cytokine release, enhanced autoantibody formation	40,41
TLR3/7/9	Nucleic acids	Synergistic cytokine release	9,10
IL-1R1	IL-1α/β	Synergistic cytokine release	35,36
CXCR4	CXCL12	Synergistc chemotaxis	24

Extracellular HMGB1, either alone or in conjunction with other molecules, elicits diverse immune responses by activating multiple signaling pathways.

ISSN: 1528-3658