Figure 5

Effects of salicylates on disulfide HMGB1’s cytokine-inducing activities in human macrophages. (A) Dose-dependent (left panels) and time-course (right panels) expression of PTGS2 gene (coding for COX-2) and inflammatory cytokine genes (IL6 and TNF) by following exposure to disulfide HMGB1. For the dose-effect experiment, macrophages were activated for 3 h with the indicated concentrations of HMGB1. For the time-course experiment, 10 µg/mL HMGB1 (∼300 nmol/L) or 10 ng/mL LPS were used. (B) Inhibition of the cytokine-inducing activity of HMGB1, but not of LPS, by SA and ac3AESA. Human macrophages were activated for 3 h with 1 µg/mL HMGB1 (∼30 nmol/L) (left panels) or 10 ng/mL LPS (right panels) in the absence or presence of 100 µmol/L SA or 1 µmol/L ac3AESA. The data are the mean ± SD (n = 3). Means that are statistically different (Tukey HSD test, P < 0.05) are indicated by different letters over the bar. Means that are not statistically different are indicated by the same letter.