Table 1 CFs, cytokines, and inflammatory markers in HIV-1-positive patients and control groups

Normal range

0–6 AU

0–10 pg/ml

0–25 pg/ml

0–40 pg/ml

0–10 nmol/L

0–1.0 mg/L

0–40 µg/L

Group 1

HIV-1 negative healthy controls

3.0 ± 0.6

4.6 ± 2.0

18.7 ± 2.3

17.2 ± 3.6

6.6 ± 1.2

0.2 ± 0

12.1 ± 1.8

Group 2

HIV-1 negative, zoster

6.0 ± 1.7

9.3 ± 0.8

18.0 ± 1.7

24.3 ± 5.8

15.4 ± 17.1* p < 0.02

0.3 ± 0.2

20.6 ± 13.0

Group 3

HIV-1 negative, malignancies

12.0 ± 1.0* p < 0.0008

9.9 ± 3.5

18.7 ±2.2

30.7 ± 4.3* p < 0.04

24.6 ± 10.3* p < 0.03

0.4 ± 0.7

34.7 ±11.4

Group 4

HIV-1 positive, >500 helper cells

11.0 ± 1.2* p < 0.002

8.8 ± 0.5

19.3 ± 1.8

29.1 ± 1.8* p < 0.04

9.8 ± 4.2

0.2 ± 0.006 21.2 ± 7.4

Group 5

HIV-1 positive, zoster

9.0 ± 2.3* p < 0.01

6.0 ± 1.4

20.1 ± 3.1

34.2 ± 3.5* p < 0.05

52.2 ± 15.3* p < 0.01

1.2 ± 0.5

58.2 ± 11.8

Group 6

HIV-1 positive, malignancies

15.0 ± 1.7* p < 0.00008

11.2 ± 7.4

28.5 ± 5.9

9.2 ± 0.9*** p < 0.0003

13.0 ± 16.2* p < 0.03

0.38 ± 0.8

22.9 ± 19.0

Group 7

HIV-1 positive, with Kaposi’s sarcoma

16.0 ± 4.0* p < 0.0.0007

Group 8

HIV-1 positive, without Kaposi’s sarcoma

10.0 ± 1.2** p < 0.08