Antigen-Specific Therapy for Autoimmune Disease: Prospects for the Prevention of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes

Table 1 Strategies of specific immunotherapy for autoimmune disease

Strategy	Target	Modality	Efficacy in Experimental Animal Models	Clinical Trials in Humans
Antigen-induced tolerance	T cells (effector or regulatory)	Protein antigen or peptide epitope
		Via tolerising route
		Transmucosal	Yes	Yes
		Transdermal	Yes	No
		In modified form
		Soluble excess	Yes	No
		Soluble peptide-MHC	Yes	No
		With blockade of “second signal”	Yes	No
		“Altered peptide ligand”	Yes	No
MHC blockade	T cells (effector or regulatory)	Anti-MHC mAb	Yes	No
		Anti-MHC-peptide mAb	Yes	No
		MHC antagonist peptide	Yes	No
TCR blockade	Effector T cells	Anti-Vβ mAbs	Yes	No
T cell vaccination	Effector T cells	Autoreactive T cell, TCR, or TCR peptide	Yes	Yes

MHC, major histocompatibility complex; mAb, monoclonal antibody; TCR, T cell receptor; Vβ, variable region of TCR β-chain.

ISSN: 1528-3658