Fig. 3From: Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists act at the hyperoxic phase to confer protection against retinopathyIn OIR, the effect of KW6002 treatment on cellular proliferation, tip cell, astrocytes and microglial numbers, and apoptosis in retina at P17. a Endothelial tip cells in retina at P17 of OIR were stained with isolectin B4 (red). Scale bar: 20 μm. Quantitative analysis shows that KW6002 treatment increased tip cell number compared to the vehicle-treated pups (***p < 0.001, Student’s t-test, n = 11–13/group). b Cell proliferation in retina was assessed by immunohistochemistry of PCNA at P17 of OIR. PCNA+ cells (yellow arrow) were quantified. (**p < 0.01, Student’s t-test, n = 8/group). Scale bar: 50 μm. c Apoptotic cells in retina were analyzed by TUNEL (green) staining and individual cells were visualized by DAPI (blue) staining at P17 of OIR. Retinal TUNEL-positive cells (yellow arrow) were quantified and analyzed. KW6002 treatment reduced cellular apoptosis in (**p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test, n = 8–9/group). Scale bar: 50 μm. d Microglial activation in retinas was assessed by immunofluorescence staining of Iba-1 at P17 of OIR. Retinal Iba-1-positive cells (yellow arrow) were quantified and analyzed. (p > 0.01, Student’s t-test, n = 8/group). Scale bar: 50 μm. e Representative images show GFAP-positive cells in the avascular areas by anti-GFAP (green) staining at P17 of OIR. Scale bar: 20 μm. GFAP staining in the avascular area was graded on a scale from 1 to 6 as described in the Methods section. The grades of astrocytes from each treatment group were analyzed at P17 of OIR. KW6002 treatment enhanced GFAP staining (with the reduced grade) (*p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test, n = 9–12/group), Scale bar: 20 μmBack to article page