Fig. 1

Upregulation of GPR120 by extracorporeal shock wave treatment (ESWT) in human urothelial RT4 cells. a Expressions of apoptosis-related proteins in RT4 28 h post-ESWT assessed by immunoblotting, including cleaved-PARP (c-PARP), cleaved-caspase 3 (c-casp 3), Bax, γ-H2AX. H₂O₂ (500 μmol/L) treatment used as positive control. b Optimal energy and frequency of ESWT for GPR120 upregulation. c Densitometric quantification of GPR120 in RT4 without (i.e., Con.) or with ESWT. β-actin used as internal control for immunoblotting. Values expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. control; Significance of differences determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc comparisons tests