Fig. 2
From: Extracellular HMGB1: a therapeutic target in severe pulmonary inflammation including COVID-19?
Options to ameliorate HMGB1-mediated inflammation relevant for COVID-19 via pharmaceutical compounds approved for HMGB1-independent indications. The formation of proinflammatory HMGB1-partner molecule complexes is counteracted by thrombomodulin, heparin, haptoglobin, and glycyrrhizin. RAGE-HMGB1-mediated activities are inhibited by acetylcholine, heparin, statins, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine. TLR4-HMGB1 mediated activation is downregulated by acetylcholine, heparin, statins, resveratrol, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine. HMGB1-mediated disruption of lysosomal membrane is constrained by chloroquine phosphate and hydroxychloroquine