Fig. 2

mDC-Exo promoted proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BM-MSCs. a Immunofluorocytochemical staining for BrdU (green) and DNA (DAPI, blue) in BM-MSCs and b quantitation of the number of BrdU-positive cells in BM-MSCs in the groups of control, imDC-Exo, and mDC-Exo. c ALP activities expressed in optical density (OD) values at 520 nm, d–f protein levels of ALP and Runx2 determined by western blot, g, h representative Alizarin red staining assessing calcium deposits and quantification of the percentage of Alizarin red dyeing area in BM-MSCs in the groups of control, induction, imDC-Exo, and mDC-Exo on the 7th and 14th day of culture. **P < 0.01, vs. Control