Fig. 5

Associations between maternal BMI and change in ¹³C-DHA lipids with glucose treatment (i.e. glucose response, log2-fold change, n = 17). Change in ¹³C-DHA lipid with glucose treatment represents the relative amount of ¹³C-DHA lipid in placental explants treated with glucose (10 mmol/L) compared to control explants (cultured in 5 mmol/L glucose) from the same placenta. Positive values indicate an increase in ¹³C-DHA lipids compared to the control, whilst negative values indicate a decrease. A, B Linear regression was run with glucose response as the outcome and BMI as the exposure variable. Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) method was used to correct for multiple testing. Solid lines show statistically significant associations, while dashed lines show non-significant results. Shaded areas show 95% confidence intervals. Key for dots—Purple: non-GDM, Black: GDM. C Analyses stratified by maternal BMI. Heat map illustrating glucose response in placental explants from normal weight women (BMI < 23 kg/m²) and from overweight/obese women (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m²). Colours indicate an increase (red; positive glucose response) or a decrease (blue; negative glucose response). Asterisks indicate significant differences between 10 mmol/L glucose treatment and the control (5 mmol/L) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Comparisons were made by repeated measures analysis of variance for each lipid followed by the Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiplicity. BH Benjamini–Hochberg, CI confidence interval, DG diacylglycerol, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, GDM gestational diabetes, LPC lyso-phosphatidylcholine, LPE lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, PC phosphatidylcholine, PE-P phosphatidylethanolamine-plasmalogen, TG triacylglycerol