Fig. 6

Associations between glucose-treatment-induced changes in ¹³C-DHA lipids (glucose response) and birthweight centile (n = 17). Change in ¹³C-DHA lipid with glucose treatment or glucose response (log2-fold-change) represents the relative amount of ¹³C-DHA lipid in placental explants treated with glucose (10 mmol/L) compared to control explants from the same placenta. Positive values indicate an increase in ¹³C-DHA lipids compared to the control, whilst negative values indicate a decrease. Linear regression was run with birthweight centile as the outcome and glucose response as the exposure variable, with or without adjusting for (Z-score, log-2) BMI. Solid lines show significant associations while dashed lines show non-significant associations. Shaded areas show 95% confidence intervals. Key—Purple: non GDM, Black: GDM. Significance retained after adjusting for (Z-score, log-2) BMI (#). The Benjamini–Hochberg method was used to correct for multiple testing. C Heat map illustrating glucose response in placental explants from births with birthweight centile < 50 and from births with birthweight centile > 50. Positive values (red) indicate an increase in ¹³C-DHA lipids compared to the control, while negative values (blue) indicate a decrease. Asterisks indicate significant differences between 10 mmol/L glucose treatment and the control (5 mmol/L) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Comparisons were made for each lipid by repeated measures analysis of variance followed by the Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. BH Benjamini–Hochberg, CI confidence interval, DG diacylglycerol, DHA docosahexaenoic acid, GDM gestational diabetes, LPC lyso-phosphatidylcholine, LPE lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, PC phosphatidylcholine, PE-P phosphatidylethanolamine-plasmalogen, TG triacylglycerol