Interleukin-22: a potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis

Table 1 Potential regulators of IL-22 expression and production in atherosclerosis

Molecules	Type of regulation	Transcription factor	Pathway	Potential role in AS	References
IL-23	Positive	STAT3, NF-κB	IL-23/IL-23R, PI3K/Akt, IκB-α	Promotes inflammatory responses	Sano et al. 2015; Cho et al. 2006)
IL-7	Positive	RORγt	IL-7/IL-7R	Promotes inflammatory responses	Vonarbourg et al. 2010; Sekimata et al. 2019)
AhR	Positive	–	Notch/FICZ	Promotes inflammatory responses and cholesterol accumulation	Qiu et al. 2012; Veldhoen et al. 2008)
IL-1β	Positive	AHR	IL-1β/IL-1R1	Promotes inflammatory responses and VSMC proliferation and migration	Sutton et al. 2009; Hughes et al. 2010)
Notch	Positive	AhR, RBP‐J, STAT3	Notch-Hes1	Promotes inflammatory responses, endothelial dysfunction, and angiogenesis	Rankin et al. 2013; Mielke et al. 2013; Murano et al. 2014)
TGF-β	Negative	c-Maf	TGF-β signaling	Suppresses angiogenesis, VSMC proliferation and migration, inflammation, and cholesterol accumulation	Rutz et al. 2011; Volpe et al. 2009; Penel-Sotirakis et al. 2012)
IL-27	Negative	SOCS1, c-Maf	Jak/STAT signaling	Suppresses inflammatory responses	Wang et al. 2013; Pot et al. 2009)
IL-38	Negative	–	IL-38- IL-36R	Suppresses inflammatory responses	Veerdonk et al. 2012; Tortola et al. 2012)
IL-25	Negative	STAT3	p38 MAPK/IκBα	Suppresses inflammatory responses	Min et al. 2020)

ISSN: 1528-3658