Table 1 NRs in the crosstalk of gut microbiome-host system

FXR

Tempol → Lactobacillus↓,

BSH↓ → T-β-MCA↑ → inhibition of FXR

Obesity

Li et al. (2013)

Gut microbiome → FXR → FGF15/19 or CYP7A1

Multi-Metabolic diseases

Al-Khaifi et al. (2018); Degirolamo et al. (2014); Gonzalez et al. (2016); Sayin et al. (2013)

Gut microbiome → FXR → 

Diet-induced obesity

Obesity

Parséus et al. (2017)

FXR↓ → ceramide↓ → 

SREBP-1C↓ → 

lipid metabolism↓, Obesity↓

Obesity, NAFLD

Gonzalez et al. (2016); Jiang et al. (2015)

FEX → FXR → TGR5 → GLP-1 → improving glucose & insulin tolerance

T2D

Albaugh et al. (2019); Pathak et al. (2018)

FXR↓ → butyrate producers in gut microbiome↓

NAFLD

Sheng et al. (2017)

Gut microbiome → primary BAs change to secondary BAs → FXR-FGF pathway

IBD, NAFLD

Jiao et al. (2018)

PPARs

Prevotella and Atopobium → SCFAs → ERK1/2-PPARγ → ANGPTL4↑, ADRP↑

Epithelial damage

Nepelska et al. (2017)

Bacteroides → insulin sensitive regulation

glucose metabolism

Yang et al. (2017)

PPARα → IL-22, RegIIIβ, RegIIIγ

Gut mucosal immunity

Manoharan et al. (2016)

Lactic acid bacteria → ALA → GPCR40 → microphage M2 differentiation

Gut mucosal immunity

Ohue-Kitano et al. (2018)

Microbiome → lack of butyrate → absence of PPARγ signal → nitrate and lactate accumulate → exogenous infection

IBD, NAFLD

Byndloss et al. (2017); Gillis et al. (2018)

L.casei Zhang → TLR-MAPK-PPARγ → inflammation↓

Liver inflammation

Wang et al. (2016b)

AHR

Ethanol → IAA-AHR-IL-22-REG3G pathway → gut bacteria transfer

Liver inflammation

Hendrikx et al. (2018)

Trp metabolism → CARD9-AHR-IL-22

IBD

Lamas et al. (2017)

Gut microbiome → CD4⁺-LAG3 pathway

CNS immunity

Kadowaki et al. (2016)

AHR → RORγ + group 3 ILC

IBD

Qiu and Zhou (2013)

ILC → inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (ID2)-AHR-IL-22 pathway or T cell

IBD

Guo et al. (2015); Wagage et al. (2015)

Urolithin A → AHR-Nrf2 pathway

Gut barrier integrity

Singh et al. (2019)

gut microbiome → Trp metabolism → indole derivatives → AHR-IL-22 signal → antifungal resistance and mucosal protection

Gut mucosal reactivity

Zelante et al. (2013)

Purinergic metabolism → AHR-CD39 pathway

Immune metabolism

Longhi et al. (2017)

VDR

VD-VDR → NF-κB, MAPKs, TLR, EGFR, TJ pathways

IBD, Eystic fibrosis

Kanhere et al. (2018); Wu et al. (2010); Yoon and Sun (2011)

VDR → Th1, Th17 cell

Mucosa inflammation, Epithelium cell apoptosis

He et al. (2018)

Lactobacillus casei Zhang and Vitamin K2 → VDR → AMPK signaling pathway

Colon cancer

Zhang et al. (2017)

VDR → ATG16L1 → autophagy

IBD, autophagy

Jin et al. (2015)