Table 1 Baseline characteristics of survivor and non-survivor COVID-19 patients at ICU admission
|  | Total (N = 49) | COVID-19 patients | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-survivors (N = 35) | Survivors (N = 14) | |||
Age, years | 65.0 (56.5–72.0) (49) | 65.0 (59.0–73.0) (35) | 56.5 (53.8–70.8) (14) | 0.020 |
Gender | ||||
 Male/female | 65.3% (32/49)/34.7% (17/49) | 74.3% (26/35)/25.7% (9/35) | 42.9% (6/14)/57.1% (8/14) | 0.079 |
Comorbidities/condition | ||||
 Smoking | 10.2% (5/49) | 11.4% (4/35) | 7.1% (1/14) | 1.000 |
 Hypertension | 49.0% (24/49) | 48.6% (17/35) | 50.0% (7/14) | 0.928 |
 Diabetes | 16.3% (8/49) | 11.4% (4/35) | 28.6% (4/14) | 0.299 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 24.5% (12/49) | 25.7% (9/35) | 21.4% (3/14) | 1.000 |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 14.3% (7/49) | 11.4% (4/35) | 21.4% (3/14) | 0.651 |
 Chronic lung disease | 4.1% (2/49) | 5.7% (2/35) | 0.0% (0/14) | 1.000 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 6.1% (3/49) | 2.9% (1/35) | 14.3% (2/14) | 0.193 |
 Chronic liver disease | 2.0% (1/49) | 2.9% (1/35) | 0.0% (0/14) | 1.000 |
 Anemia | 4.1% (2/49) | 0.0% (0/35) | 14.3% (2/14) | 0.077 |
 Malignance | 4.1% (2/49) | 5.7% (2/35) | 0.0% (0/14) | 1.000 |
 Autoimmune diseases | 2.0% (1/49) | 0.0% (0/35) | 7.1% (1/14) | 0.286 |
Symptoms and signs | ||||
 Fever | 85.7% (42/49) | 85.7% (30/35) | 85.7% (12/14) | 1.000 |
 Fatigue | 55.1% (27/49) | 57.1% (20/35) | 50.0% (7/14) | 0.650 |
 Dyspnea | 61.2% (30/49) | 68.6% (24/35) | 42.9% (6/14) | 0.095 |
 Cough | 69.4% (34/49) | 68.6% (24/35) | 71.4% (10/14) | 1.000 |
 Sputum | 55.1% (27/49) | 54.3% (19/35) | 57.1% (8/14) | 0.856 |
 Pharyngeal pain | 14.3% (7/49) | 17.1% (6/35) | 7.1% (1/14) | 0.651 |
 Abdominal pain | 24.5% (12/49) | 28.6% (10/35) | 14.3% (2/14) | 0.495 |
 Diarrhea | 30.6% (15/49) | 37.1% (13/35) | 14.3% (2/14) | 0.220 |
 Headache | 20.4% (10/49) | 25.7% (9/35) | 7.1% (1/14) | 0.287 |
 Dizziness | 8.2% (4/49) | 11.4% (4/35) | 0.0% (0/14) | 0.458 |
 Nausea | 28.6% (14/49) | 34.3% (12/35) | 14.3% (2/14) | 0.294 |
 Vomiting | 24.5% (12/49) | 28.6% (10/35) | 14.3% (2/14) | 0.495 |
 Anorexia | 20.4% (10/49) | 25.7% (9/35) | 7.1% (1/14) | 0.287 |
 Myalgia | 20.4% (10/49) | 22.9% (8/35) | 14.3% (2/14) | 0.779 |
Disease severity status | ||||
 Severe/Critically severe | 22.4% (11/49)/77.6% (38/49) | 0.0% (0/35)/100.0% (35/35) | 78.8% (11/14)/21.4% (3/14) |  < 0.001 |
Treatment | ||||
 MV | 66.7% (32/48) | 85.3% (29/34) | 21.4% (3/14) |  < 0.001 |
  Invasive MV | 90.6% (29/32) | 89.7% (26/29) | 100% (3/3) | 1.000 |
  PEEP (cm H2O) | 12.0 (10.0–14.0) (29) | 12.0 (10.0–14.0) (26) | 14.0 (NA) (3) | 0.948 |
  PaCO2 (mmHg) | 49.0 (42.0–58.8) (28) | 49.0 (42.0–58.5) (21) | 49.0 (47.0–64.0) (7) | 0.876 |
  Oxygenation index (mmHg) | 135.5 (84.2–276.5) (23) | 117.9 (79.4–197.1) (19) | 311.7 (286.5–356.8) (4) | 0.010 |
  Lactate (mmol/L) | 21.0 (7.0–34.0) (16) | 23.0 (15.5–34.0) (12) | 7.0 (5.0–33.0) (4) | 0.350 |