Fig. 1
Combined urine miRNA and SERS profiling can accurately distinguish bladder cancer (BC) patients from controls. A Heat map of differentially expressed miRNAs by NGS analysis in urine between BC patients and controls (CTRL). The color scale shows the log10 of the normalized counts. B The top three differentially expressed miRNAs by NGS analysis between BC and CTRL. C The average SERS spectra of urine for the BC and CTRL groups (line) and standard deviation (shade). D The distribution of score values for principal component (PC) 2, 6, 10, 11 for BC and CTRL. E Score plot of PC6 and PC2 for BC and CTRL patients. F SERS peaks of PC2, PC6, PC10, and PC11. G–I Head-to-head comparison of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the classification accuracy yielded by miRNA alone, SERS alone, or the combination of the two using three supervised classification algorithms (naïve Bayes (G), logistic regression (H), and random forest (I)). Mean ± SD. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. Abbreviation: DE- differentially expressed