Fig. 4

Transcriptome analysis of nasopharyngeal samples of patients with COVID-19 versus non-viral and other viral acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) as well as healthy controls: The volcano plot to demonstrate differential expressed genes which had adjusted P-value < 0.05, |Log₂FC|> 1. Red and green show up and downregulated genes, respectively (A). Dot plots to show BPs according to significantly up/downregulated genes (B) and hallmark gene set enrichment analysis (C). The size of the dots is proportional to the gene ratio in considering process and pathway; and the color corresponds to the –log10 of the adjusted P-value. Selected top and not-redundant terms are visualized. BP biological process