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Fig. 12 | Molecular Medicine

Fig. 12

From: Chronotherapeutic neuroprotective effect of verapamil against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation in mice through modulation of calcium-dependent genes

Fig. 12

Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of VRP. Iba1: ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6: interleukin-6, IL-1β: interleukin 1β, TGF-β1: transforming growth factor beta 1, VDCC: voltage-dependent calcium channel, MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential, PTAU: phosphorylated tau protein, CAMKII: Ca2+/ calmodulin dependent kinase II, PKA: protein kinase A, cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate, CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein, BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor

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Molecular Medicine

ISSN: 1528-3658