Clinical application of RUBCN/SESN2 mediated inhibition of autophagy as biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease

Table 1 The demographic and laboratory findings of the studied 120 participants

	Group 1 Diabetes without nephropathy (N. = 30)	Group 2 Diabetes with microalbuminuria (N. = 30)	Group 3 Diabetes with macro-albuminuria (N. = 30)	Group 4 Healthy controls (N. = 30)	F/chi² when appropriate	Sig
Age (years; mean ± SD) [range, years]	40.13 ± 7.02 [33–55]	49.43 ± 10.31 [38–60]	50.43 ± 8.18 [40–62]	44.5 ± 10.34 [33–62]	13.93	0.453
Time from initial diagnosis	2.1 ± 0.8^c,d	4.3 ± 1.4^b,d	5.2 ± 1.8^b,c	–	22.36	0.002*
Sex
Male (n;%)	16 (53%)	14 (47%)	14 (47%)	15 (50%)	0.533	0.912
Female (n;%)	14 (47%)	16 (53%)	16 (53%)	15 (50%)	0.533	0.912
BMI	23.9 ± 2.1^a,c,d	26.4 ± 1.8^b	26.7 ± 2.3^b	25 ± 1.8^b	11.39	< 0.001*
HOMA-IR	2.65 ± 0.32^a,c,d	2.89 ± 0.27^a,b,d	3.16 ± 0.37^a,b.c	1.28 ± 0.25^b,c,d	224.16	< 0.001*
HbA1C	6.32 ± 0.71^a,c,d	7.27 ± 0.63^a,b,d	8.51 ± 0.85^a,b,c	2.44 ± 0.71^b,c,d	386.69	< 0.001*
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	6.23 ± 0.84^a	5.98 ± 0.46^a,d	6.67 ± 1.02^b	5.02 ± 0.74^b,c,d	23.401	< 0.001*
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	2.16 ± 0.35^a	1.96 ± 0.46^a,d	2.37 ± 0.57^a,c	1.53 ± 0.34^b,c,d	20.121	< 0.001*
HDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.23 ± 0.32	1.25 ± 0.33	1.14 ± 0.32	1.23 ± 0.24	0.863	0.462
LDL-Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.01 ± 0.86^a	3.28 ± 0.49^a,d	4.45 ± 1.01^a,c	3.09 ± 0.81^b,c,d	14.554	< 0.001*
Creatinine (µmol/L)	83.98 ± 13.26^d	85.75 ± 13.26^d	114.92 ± 15.91^a,b,c	88.40 ± 14.14^d	33.2	< 0.001*
ACR	19.67 ± 4.23^c,d	129.67 ± 34.92^a,b,d	383.77 ± 54.72^a,b,c	15.37 ± 2.54^c,d	844.924	< 0.001*

ANOVA analysis with post hoc Tukey’s test; (*) indicates statistical significance), data is presented as mean ± Standard deviation
^aSignificant p value (< 0.05) compared to controls (group 4)
^bSignificant p value (< 0.05) compared to group 1
^cSignificant p value (< 0.05) compared to group 2
^dSignificant p value (< 0.05) compared to group 3
BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; HbA1C; glycated hemoglobin; HDL-Cholesterol: high density lipoproteins-cholesterol; LDL-Cholesterol: low density lipoproteins-cholesterol; ACR: albumin/creatinine ratio in urine
Conversion of traditional units into SI unit: cholesterol: multiply concentration in mg/dL × 0.0259; creatinine: multiply concentration in mg/dL × 88.4; triglycerides: multiply concentration in mg/dL × 0.0113

ISSN: 1528-3658