Fig. 7
From: USP13 regulates HMGB1 stability and secretion through its deubiquitinase activity
A model of the regulatory mechanism of HMGB1 by USP13. USP13 regulates HMGB1 stability and nucleocytoplasmic localization via CRM1-dependent pathway. Consequently, USP13 promotes HMGB1 secretion; this axis can be inhibited by Spautin-1. E3 ligase of HMGB1 which is used for ubiquitination is not known (X). Synoviolin (SYVN1) is reported as the E3 ligase of HMGB1 using bioinformatics analysis(W Yao et al. 2021). Dotted line is hypothetical pathway in nucleus. UPS ubiquitin–proteasome system