Fig. 1

Cytotoxicity and inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in IMR-90 cells and ex vivo fetal lungs. A Interleukin (IL)-6 (n = 6), IL-8 (n = 3) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (n = 6) in IMR-90 cell supernatants by LPS at 0 (control), 10, 30, and 50 μg/ml. B IL-6 (n = 6), CXCL1 (n = 3) and LDH (n = 6) in fetal lung supernatants by LPS at 0, 10, 30, and 50 μg/ml on days 1, 2 and 3. C Hierarchical clustering heatmap of significantly expressed gene and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) associated with cytokine activity in ex vivo fetal lungs treated by LPS at 0 and 50 μg/ml for 3 days. The activation Z-scores was displayed by the depth of the color (red: upregulation; blue: downregulation). *p < 0.05