Fig. 2
From: Oxidative stress and epigenetics in ocular vascular aging: an updated review
The role of oxidative stress in Choroid-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage during the progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Oxidative stress induces ischemia and chronic inflammation in Choroid-RPE complex. Excess production of VEGF in response to ischemia initiates pathological angiogenesis, and then choroidal neovascularization (CNV) develops as a consequence. In addition, oxidative stress contributes to overactivation of inflammatory responses, consisted of the accumulation of membrane attack complex (MAC) and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), as well as the recruitment of activated macrophages and microglia