Fig. 3
From: Oxidative stress and epigenetics in ocular vascular aging: an updated review
Diagram of the epigenetic regulation of vascular aging in DR and AMD. The dysregulation of DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNA in microvessels induces alterations in the expression of targeted genes, which are responsible for vascular aging in the process of DR and AMD. AMD: age-related macular degeneration, CXCR4: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, DLL4: Delta like ligand 4, DNMT: DNA methyltransferase, DR: diabetic retinopathy, ET1: endothelin-1, FZD4: frizzled-4, GSTM1: glutathione S-transferase isoform mu1, HAT: histone acetyltransferase, HDAC: histone deacetylase, HIF-2α: hypoxia inducible factor 2α, HMT: histone methyltransferase, KEAP1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, LIMK2: LIM domain-containing kinase 2, MMP9: matrix metalloproteinase 9, mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA, PAK4: P21-activated kinase 4, PRSS50: protease serine 50, SEMA6A: semaphorin6A, SIRT1: sirtuin 1, SOD2: superoxide dismutase 2, SPRY2: sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor