Fig. 2

OI attenuated insulitis, improved beta cell function, and suppressed inflammatory macrophage infiltration in STZ-induced diabetes. A Representative images of pancreatic histology evaluated by H&E staining (n = 5–8 mice per group). The scoring criteria were as described in the ESM. B Representative images of pancreatic immunofluorescence staining for insulin (red), glucagon (green), and DAPI (blue). Insulin expression per islet was determined by analyzing fluorescence intensity with ImageJ. The percentage of glucagon-positive cells per islet was calculated in a bar graph (n = 3–5 mice per group). C Principal component analysis plot demonstrating the islet sample distribution in the control, STZ, and OI groups. The plot displays three distinct clusters (n = 3 mice per group). D Volcano plot depicting the 130 DFEs identified in the STZ and OI islets. E Heat map analysis illustrating the DFEs associated with islet beta cell function. The color change from blue to orange indicates low to high expression values. F List of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways significantly associated with the DFEs identified in the STZ and OI groups. G Immunohistochemistry analysis of Nrf2, HMGB1, F4/80, and iNOS expression in the mouse pancreas. Nrf2 expression was analyzed by ImageJ and presented as the Average Optical Density (AOD). The percentage of HMGB1-positive nuclei per islet was quantified in a bar graph. The F4/80- and iNOS-positive cells per islet area were calculated in a bar graph (n = 3–6 mice per group). H Flow cytometry assessment of the proportion of CD45⁺CD11b⁺, CD11b⁺CD11c⁺, and CD11b⁺CD206⁺ macrophages in PLNs along with representative dot plots (n = 4 mice per group). I F4/80, Cd11c, and Mrc1 gene expression in splenocytes (n = 8 mice per group). All values are the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05. All values are shown as the mean ± SEM. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001