Fig. 3

OI treatment reduced diabetes onset in spontaneous non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. A Kaplan–Meier survival curves demonstrating the percentages of diabetes-free NOD mice (n = 14–15 mice per group). B Week 22 ipGTT results of NOD mice. C The AUC of the ipGTT results in B (n = 12–15 mice per group). D Serum insulin concentration of NOD mice (n = 12–13 mice per group). E Representative images of pancreatic histology evaluated by H&E staining (n = 11–12 mice per group). F Representative images of pancreatic immunofluorescence staining for insulin (red), glucagon (green), and DAPI (blue). G Flow cytometry assessment and the proportion of CD45⁺CD11b⁺, CD11b⁺CD11c⁺, and CD11b⁺CD206⁺ macrophages in PLNs and the representative dot plots (n = 8 mice per group). All values are shown as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. CTR, NOD-control