Table 1 Alterations in the gut microbiota of preterm infants related to different factors

PROM ^a and chorioamnionitis

↑ Staphylococcus

↑ Streptococcus

↑ Serratia

↑ Parabacteroides

Chernikova, et al. (2016)

Pre-eclampsia

↓ Escherichia/Shigella

Westaway, et al. (2021)

GDM

↑ Firmicutes

↓ Alpha-diversity

↓ Proteobacteria

↓ Prevotella

↓ Lactobacillus

Chen, et al. (2021), Su, et al. (2018)

C-section

↑ Firmicutes

↑ Actinobacteria

↑ Clostridium sensu stricto

↓ Bacteroides

Pammi, et al. (2017), Rutayisire, et al. (2016), Gregory, et al. (2015), Hill, et al. (2017)

Prenatal antibiotic

↓ Bifidobacterium

Zou, et al. (2018)

IAP

↓ Alpha-diversity

↓ Bacteroidetes

↑ Proteobacteria

↑ Bifidobacteria

↑ Staphylococcaceae

↑ Unclassified bacilli

↓ Enterobacteriaceae

↑ Comamonadaceae

Arboleya, et al. (2015), Diamond, et al. (2021), Dierikx, et al. (2020)

Postnatal antibiotic (PTIs)

↑ Enterococcus

↓ Bifidobacteria

↓ B. fragilis

↓ Bacteroidetes

Zou, et al. (2018), Penders, et al. (2006), Chang, et al. (2021)

MOM

↑ Alpha-diversity

↑ Bacteroides

↑ Bifidobacterium

↑ Enterococcus

Ford, et al. (2019), Gregory, et al. (2016)