Fig. 5
From: Nicotine exacerbates diabetic nephropathy through upregulation of Grem1 expression
Nicotine increases apoptosis in the kidney of diabetic mice. FVB/N mice were administered nicotine or hyperglycemic (for 6 months). Then the kidney samples were collected for TUNEL staining to examine the apoptotic cells. A TUNEL staining in the kidneys of Con and Nic, DM, and Nic + DM mice were analyzed. Representative images are shown. The scale bar is 20 μm. B Results (mean ± SD) represent 10 randomly and blindly selected regions, and representative figures are displayed. * (p < 0.05) compared with the C group, and # (p < 0.05) compared with the D group. C, control; N, nicotine; D, diabetes mellitus; N + D, nicotine + diabetes mellitus