Fig. 8
From: Nicotine exacerbates diabetic nephropathy through upregulation of Grem1 expression
Grem1 responded to the nicotine and hyperglycemia induced in the kidneys of mice. A Fold change (FC) of 7 common genes in Nic + DM group vs. Con group. B DEGs in the Nic + DM vs. Con group were mapped to the TGF-β pathway. C Western blot (middle and right) and real-time PCR (left) analysis of Grem1 protein and mRNA levels in the kidneys of Con and Nic, DM, Nic + DM mice. Grem1 mRNA expression from four independent groups of samples was analyzed through real-time PCR (left); Representative gels were displayed, protein bands scanned (middle), and acquired images were analyzed for data quantification using the NIH image program in the public domain (right). Results (mean ± SD) are representative of three independent samples. *(p < 0.05) compared with the Con group, and # (p < 0.05) compared with the DM group. Note: C, control; N, nicotine; D, diabetes mellitus; N + D, nicotine + diabetes mellitus