Fig. 1

Hormone withdrawal induced depressive-like behaviours. a The schedule for building the HSP and HSPP model and the arrangement behaviour tests. The Sham operation (SHAM in below) group was set as control. All behaviour tests were procedure after hormone-withdrawal/sham hormone-withdrawal. (SHAM, n=10; HSP, n=10; HSPP, n=10) b, c Summary of the three model groups' escape failures and escape latency in both the ²FR1 and FR2 paradigms. d The sucrose preference test (SPT) was measured for two hours in the three model groups (SHAM, n=10; HSP, n=9; HSPP, n=10). (There was one rat from the HSP group who barely not consumed liquid, so deleted one rat from that group.) e The open field test (OFT), and the total moved distance of model animals. f Open field test (OFT), the percentage of central distance/total distance of three groups was evaluated. All data were assessed with One-way ANOVA. Turkey’s multiple comparisons test was performed in comparison of the SHAM versus the HSP group, the HSP versus the HSPP group and the SHAM versus the HSPP group. There were no significant differences between the SHAM and the HSP group in all comparisons. Only significant comparisons were displayed in the figures. Data represent means ± SEM. *p<0.05, **p<0.005, ***p<0.001. ¹LH-stress: learned-helpless stress (inescapable electric foot shock). ²FR: fixed-ratio, FR1 (one cross to terminate the shock) and FR2 (two crosses to terminate the shock)